A Personal Nursing Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Personal Nursing Philosophy - Essay Example One’s personal belief is to be able to accord genuine patient care through therapeutic communication, as well as in accurately discerning and assessing the patient’s comprehensive needs. This is most crucial in elderly patients or those from other cultural orientations where language could be impaired or not easily comprehensible. Through vital signs, body language, and non-verbal modes of communication, effective and dedicated nurses must discern the most imminent need of the patient that needs to be urgently addressed. Nurses should be cognizant of the fact that patients provide various signs, symptoms, and communication patterns that would help relay accurate diagnosis of their illnesses. As a nurse, one strongly believes that a more comprehensive and holistic approach to patient care must be provided to ensure that patients are accorded with opportunities to improve their health conditions and to live happy, productive and rewarding lives. Only then could nurses lik ewise affirm that this profession is indeed virtually similarly  rewarding.  

The Similarity and Differences between Chinese Supermarkets and Essay

The Similarity and Differences between Chinese Supermarkets and British Supermarkets - Essay Example Cohen named the brand Tesco Tea even before the business acquired the name Tesco. The name Tesco was drawn from the initials of a partner in tea suppliers TE Stock well and Jack’s surname Cohen. The first Tesco supermarket in the UK was opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak and in 1932; Tesco became a private limited company. This enabled the company to expand its operations using the additional capital from shareholders. In 1934, Jack Cohen acquired a plot in Edmonton to establish Tesco’s headquarters and a warehouse (Tesco Plc, 2012). Tesco’s stocks were first sold at the Stock exchange in 1947 at a price of 25p. The entry to the stock exchange was a huge step in terms of additional capital and Tesco’s competitiveness. The first Tesco supermarket was opened in Maldon in 1956. Tesco made a huge step in 1960 when the company acquired 212 stores in Northern England and 144 stores between 1964 and 1965. Tesco opened its first petrol station in 1974 and by 1982, Tescoà ¢â‚¬â„¢s annual sales had exceeded 2 billion. A plan to build 29 additional stores began in 1987 and the first Tesco Express was established in 1994. Today, Tesco has established its operations in 14 markets in Europe, Asia and the United States. In these markets, Tesco develops its competitiveness through pricing strategies, high quality products, a wide range of products and constant innovation. Tesco is the third largest retailer globally after War-Mart and Carrefour (Tesco Plc, 2012). 1.1.2 Carrefour in China The Fournier and Defforey families established the Carrefour Company in 1959. The company opened its first supermarket in Haute-Savoie in the following year. Carrefour explored a new concept of hypermarkets in 1963 and established its first hypermarket in Sainte-Geneva ve-des-bois in the same year. Another hypermarket was opened in Belgium in 1969 and in the following year, Carrefour was listed in the Paris stock exchange. The first Carrefour in Spain was established in 197 3, Brazil hypermarket in 1975 and in Argentina in 1982. Other hypermarkets were opened in Taiwan, Italy, Turkey, Mexico, and Malaysia in the 1990s. Carrefour entered the Chinese market in 1995 and managed to open 100 stores in a span on 12 years. By 2006, Carrefour had 40, 000 employees, 98% of which were Chinese. Carrefour was serving over 300 million customers annually. The Carrefour group purchases products from about 22,300 suppliers from China. Carrefour entered the Chinese market through a joint venture with Zhong Chuang to form Jia Chaung (Carrefour, 2012). Changes in the Chinese market have caused Carrefour to evaluate and adjust its management strategy from time to time. The management strategy differs across various regions in China due to difference in market characteristics. Carrefour’s aim is to be the preferred retailer in every market. Carrefour works towards ensuring that each store attracts and retains its customers. This is achieved through offering high qua lity products, competitiveness prices, and high quality customer service. The company analyses customers’ needs in every market and provides products and service that meet those needs effectively. Social commitment and good employee relations have also helped Carrefour to expand its client base in local and international markets. The company has adopted a client-oriented culture that enables it to understand its customers and therefore offer better services. Another strategy in Carrefour is continuous

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay Task: How does the novel present Pips relationship with Magwitch, when he meets him in the graveyard and later when Magwitch returns form abroad to see Pip?  Great Expectations is a novel that is set in the late 1860s, in Victorian society, during the start up of the industrial revolution, which was speedily changing society. In chapter 1 of Great Expectations, the reader meets a young boy, Phillip Pirrip, although he is known as Pip, due to the reason that he cant pronounce his full name. The fact that this issue is introduced to the reader right at the beginning of the story, and that the story is narrated by Pip and his own voice, is attention grabbing; his youthful innocence and naivety is interesting, and immediately gets the reader close to the character. Dickens introduces Pip at a graveyard, where he sets the scene. Pip is visiting the graves of his deceased family, trying to find his identity as well as remind himself and imagine what his parents looked like. Pip is an image of vulnerability, and this is a target for ambiguity to come. Dickens does not state that Pip is an orphan; instead he allows his powerful use of words to demonstrate this. My first fancies regarding what they were like, were reasonably derived from their tombstones. The shape of the letters on my fathers, gave me an odd idea that he was a square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair Also Georgina wife of above, I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly. Dickens introduces Pips childish imagination into the sequence. Dickens implies that Victorian life and society was like this; there were masses of orphans, like Pip, due to numerous epidemics sweeping the nation, diseases like cholera and smallpox which were rife, and regarded as a universal struggle, this resulted in high mortality rates. You were generally considered lucky if you survived the high mortality rates. The involvement of this fact early on shows that death, and poverty was an everyday occurrence; it wasnt an unusual nature, hence the matter of fact writing. The weather in this scene creates a solemn yet dramatic tone. A negative pattern exhibiting raging storms, adding to the bleak and cold winters day atmosphere is vividly painted. It is a gloomy Christmas Eves day. Pip ventures out into these eerie unknowns, which later on prove to be a symbol that his life is going to change drastically too, where peril and ambiguity await. This also reinforces Pips perception on his situation. While Pip is attempting to bring up recollections at the graveyard, he is surprised by an escaped convict who jumps out rather cynically, from a savage lair, among the looming mists and graves, scaring Pip. The opposite usage of some comedy, at the beginning, and a sharp dramatic twist is attention grabbing. A contrasting backdrop, on to which the messages of the tale can unfold, is created. The reader can tell that the mysterious man is a convict because of the way he is described. His condition is in disarray because of the poor living conditions in the hulks. They were overcrowded, leading to diseases that ended up killing many of the prisoners, and there was malnutrition from poor food. Hard labour was primed everyday too. He has escaped from prison and the hulks (old ships moored on the coast), whilst awaiting exile (to penal colonies in Australia) for 14 years hard labour. (Returning before the end of his term he will face execution). A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. This gives us an insight into the harsh conditions that were faced by prisoners during these times. This plight is shown further more; by the way this convict- Abel Magwitch is portrayed ferociously and pathetically. The harsh and unjust judicial system at the time was the cause of this. Forging banknotes (like Magwitch had done) carried the same penalty as murder! Criminals were brutalised. They were not given chances to reform, instead faced beatings, as forms of punishment. At least 10 hours of daily hard labour was forced on prisoners. Soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briarsand glared and growled. Dickens gives Magwitch with animal like qualities, and so we are provided with a greater understanding that he is at the end of his tether. He is a human that has literally been weathered, like a mere object. A man with no hat and with broken shoessoaked in water, smothered by mud, and lamedlimped and shivered. Magwitch is desperate. This is shown by the way he speaks to Pip aggressively, and threatens him keep still you little devil, and also by the way he roughly handles Pip. The man, after looking at me for a moment, turned me upside down and emptied my pockets. When he tips Pip upside down a piece of bread falls out of his pockets. Magwitch scurries towards this. He ate the bread ravenously. The reader is reminded of his desperate, animal like status, and his plight. The tentative weather mirrors Magwitchs character-a vast wilderness in the vein of a storm, which rushes into Pips life, suddenly, causing an upheaval of ambiguity like disturbance. Dickens tries to connect the characters with a descriptive background, to create a realistic character, building up a reinforced feeling to the passage, which ties in with characters personalities. Upon discovering that Pip lives with Joe- who is a black smith, Magwitch continues to act aggressively towards Pip, as he is useful to him. He makes a threatening demand. You get me a fileYou get me wittlesYou bring them both to meor Ill have your heart and liver out. He continues to threaten Pip, telling him that he can even be hurt in his own home if he betrays the convict. He tells Pip that he is not alone, and if he gets caught then the man along side Magwitch will attack him. A boy may lock his door, may be warm in bed but that young man will softly creep and creep his way to him and tear him openin comparison with which I am a angel. Pip is petrified. The prospect of this occurring (made worse by his youthful innocence), has given way to the sensation of helplessness that clearly covers him. His eyes looked most powerfully into mine, and mine looked most powerfully up into his. This highlights a key detail of status/position that will be seen in depth throughout the story; its a running thread for which it is a major theme. This is the first landmark of Magwitch and Pips relationship. It is one of intimidation, and fear.

Defense Attorneys Essay Example for Free

Defense Attorneys Essay Discuss the role of defense attorney’s in the courtroom workgroup. A defense attorney is a lawyer who provides legal representation for a person who has been arrested and charged for breaking the law or when an individual been served with a lawsuit. For example, when another individual filing the lawsuit goes after money for damages or justifiable relief of some sort. A very small portion of lawyers actually discuss that they work as criminal defense attorneys. This is because of the negative labeling assigned to the profession by American Social Forces. However defense attorneys are very important in the criminal justice system. They work to protect the innocent from being falsely convicted, and they work to protect the constitutional rights of all defendants. When a criminal defendant cannot afford to pay for the services of a private legal attorney, the United States Supreme Court requires that a defense attorney be appointed to represent the defendant. This expense is covered by taxpayers. There are three major categories of defense attorneys to help assist criminal defendants: * Private attorneys usually referred to as retained counsel.

Back Pain Causes And Effects Biology Essay

Back Pain Causes And Effects Biology Essay According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke (NINDS) back pain is considered one of the most common disabling conditions, being the second most common neurological disorder after headache in the USA and affecting almost 60% of the general population. The essay discusses in details and aided by the latest studies, the various causes of this disease including obesity, occupational hazards, pregnancy, sports and the natural aging process. Also, utilizing the best diagnostic approaches to reach to the proper cause of the back pain and therefore the appropriate modality of treatment. Finally and to sum the issue, I would like to emphasize on the best line of treatment in back pain which is the prevention, elimination of the potential causes, risk factors and the need of more research and for better management of back pain. Back Pain: Causes and Effects Back pain is considered to be the second most common neurological disorder after headache in the United States of America (USA) according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke (NINDS) in USA (2003). Nearly everybody had experienced the episode of back pain in different severity, timing, age and with variety of associated causes. Prevalence estimates suggests that 70-85 % of adults will experience low back pain during a given year and 30% will seek treatment for this problem. The health institutions are paying a large number of money treating back pain all over the world because of the high incidence of the complains and the various degree of disabilities caused by acute and chronic back pain (Andersson, 1999). To fully understand back pain, a glance of the back anatomy will be of great help. The back is a complex structure consisting of 24 small bones (vertebrae) that support the weight of your upper body and form a protective canal for the spinal cord which carries nerve signals from the brain to the rest of the body. Between each consecutive vertebra are found the shock-absorbing discs (intervertebral discs) that cushion the bones and allow the spines to bend, held all together by Ligaments, Tendons and Muscles. The lower part of the back is known as the lumbar region, which is made up of five vertebrae, known as L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5. The lumbar supports the entire weight of the upper body (plus any extra weight that you are carrying), and it is under constant pressure, particularly when bending, twisting and lifting (Smeltzer, S Bare, B, 2000). Though the presence of huge number of literatures and researches has been conducted to discuss the causes and effects of back pain, there has still been a matter of controversy among medical researchers. However, the causes of back pain were categorized according to the effects with the associated signs and symptoms the victims describe, as well as the physical fitness of the targets. In fact, most back problems are probably the result of a combination of factors. Some factors, such as family history, arent preventable. You can control other factors, such as weight, fitness and flexibility, by changing your lifestyle. This essay will discuss the main causes and effects of back pain, but it will also put on the light on the associated signs and symptoms, as well as the most common treatments used. Obesity is one of the leading causes of back pain. According to the American Obesity Association (AOA), 64.5% of adult Americans (about 127 million) are categorized as being overweight or obese. The unfortunate truth is that obesity is becoming an epidemic affecting adults and children (Silveri). Extra abdominal fat and weight on the pelvis pulls the body forward and puts strain on the lower back muscles. Over time, obesity causes the spine to carry the bodys weight and distribute the loads encountered during rest and activity. When excess weight is carried, the spine is forced to take in the burden, which may lead to structural injuries. Hence, this burden on the spine may lead to poor flexibility and weak muscles in the back, pelvis, and thighs, as well as pain over other regions of the spine for example, the neck. Being overweight poses a lot of health risks associated with back pain. It puts added stress on muscles and joints pain and causes degenerative disc disease, spinal sten osis, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, hernia, ruptured disc, heavy burden on the spine and unhealthy posture. Many occupations à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬such as nursing, construction and industrial work à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ may place significant demands on the back. Even routine office work can worsen back pain. The associated factors that may contribute with work load related back pain may be caused by three elements. The first element is the strain and exerting too much force on the back may cause injury. If the job is physical in nature, a person might face injury with frequent lifting or moving of heavy objects. The second element is the posture and position of the employee when sitting, standing or performing a task at work. Sitting for prolonged hours in front of a computer, for example, usually causes occasional pains from sitting still. The third and last element is stress. Pressures at work will increase stress level and lead to muscle tension and tightness, which eventually leads to back pain. The third main cause of back pain is pregnancy. Back pain, unfortunately, is an expected symptom during pregnancy in most of women. In most cases, back pain in pregnancy will cause disturbance of daily living activities, as well as resting time and sleep disturbance. (Palmer, 2001) stated that there are a number of physical reasons for back pain in pregnancy, some of which include: increase of hormones à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ hormones released during pregnancy allow ligaments in the pelvic area to soften and the joints to become looser in preparation for the birthing process of your baby; this shift in joints and loosening of ligaments may affect the support your back normally experiences. The center of gravity associated with pregnancy will gradually move forward as the uterus and baby grow, which causes the posture of pregnant women to change. Furthermore, additional weight during pregnancy and baby will create additional weight that back must support. Poor posture, excessive standing, and bending over can trigger or escalate the pain. Lastly, stress usually finds the weak spot in the body, and because of the changes in the pelvic area, pregnant women may experience an increase in back pain during stressful periods of pregnancy. Back pain can be a natural part of getting older (Hainline, 2007). Getting older always has degenerative effects on the body. Aging causes minor as well as major backaches. Some pain can be tolerable to some extent, where it causes disabilities in other conditions. Thus, getting older cannot be prevented, but being prepared on the consequences of aging is the key in controlling the age-related back pain. Osteoporosis creates weak and porous bones. Vertebral fractures are a common result of osteoporosis in elderly patients. On the other hand, osteoarthritis can create pain in many areas of the body including the spine. Degenerative disc disease is a normal part of aging. It is often asymptomatic but can create pain in some patients. Spinal Stenosis is common in elderly people. Stenosis may or may not cause pain. Spinal stenosis can also cause neurological impairment. CompressedHYPERLINK http://www.cure-back-pain.org/pinched-nerve.html nerves can be caused by spinal stenosis, spondylol isthesis, bone spurs, or spinal curvature. Adult scoliosis is often a result of aging and osteoporosis. Cauda Equina Syndrome the compression of a bundle of nerve roots that serve the lower back, legs and vital pelvic structures e.g. bowel and bladder, can cause weakness in the legs, numbness in the saddle or groin area, and loss of bowel or bladder control. This syndrome should be recognized due to its devastating neurological impact if not identified and treated promptly. All those factors can be a natural part of getting older. The last main cause is the sport related back pain. Up to 20% of all injuries that occur in sports involve the lower back or neck. Sports that use repetitive impact e.g., running, or weight loading at the end of a range-of-motion e.g., weightlifting are commonly cause damage to the lumbar spine or lower back. Sports that involve contact like football, place the spine at risk of injury, (Hyde, 2000). Thus, Injuries to the lower back can be the result of improper conditioning and warm-up, repetitive loading patterns, excessive sudden loads and twisting activities. With all those causes and effects, the end result pain comes with the classical signs and symptoms. The pain might be intermittent, sudden, gradual, or sometimes without reason. Pain is classified accordingly to severe pain that last for more than a few days without improvement and may require medical attention. Severe pain comes with difficulty passing urine; numbness in the back or genital area; numbness, pins, or weakness and pain in the legs; or unsteadiness when standing. Another type of pain is the localized pain which is often described as aching, tight, stiff, sore, burning, throbbing, or pulling. Localized pain may worsen while bending, sitting, walking, or standing too long in one position. Other signs and symptoms of pain may accompanied with a compressed nerves that cause numbness and weakness in the muscle associated with the nerve. The muscle may atrophy if the compression is not relieved. Diagnostic tests arent usually necessary to confirm the cause of back pain. However, after a thorough physical exam including the range of movements, ability to carry on simple daily tasks and testing reflexes with a reflex hammer, it is the decision of the doctor to either treat conservatively or the need of further investigation to rule out more serious causes of back pain in the form of X-Rays, MRI, Bone scan and Nerve studies.. The NINDS and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct pain research in laboratories at the NIH. Currently, researchers are examining the use of different drugs to effectively treat back pain, in particular, chronic pain that has lasted at least 6 months. Other studies are comparing different health care approaches to the management of acute low back pain (Standard medical care versus chiropractic, acupuncture, and acupressure or massage therapy). These studies are measuring symptom relief, restoration of function, and patient satisfaction. Another research is comparing standard surgical treatments to the most commonly used standard nonsurgical treatments to measure changes in health-related quality of life among patients suffering from spinal back pain. In the treatment of back pain, people may decide to choose the alternative treatments than to see a doctor. In many cases, doctors may advise their client to seek for those alternative resources. Acupuncture or acupressure is a type of therapy developed in China. Practitioners believe that people have an energy force. When this force is blocked, person can develop physical illness, such as back pain. Other therapy is using the herbal remedies which may be having side effects that could interfere with a prescribed medicine. Other alternative option of medicine is massage. A massage can help release muscle tension and relieve muscle inflammation and pain. Medical treatment will be focusing on the relive of the pain and treat the possible inflammation, as well as reducing the side effects of this pain. Acetaminophen is a type of medication that has proven to be a good pain reliever. Over-the-counter NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) will help reduce swelling (or inflammatio n) while relieving the pain; thats how NSAIDs differ from acetaminophen other prescription medications like muscle relaxants if the cause of pain was muscle spasm and opioids in the extreme cases, and only under careful supervision. Lastly the treatment may be by eliminating the causes of the pain, like loosing of extra weight, exercising, physiotherapy and surgery for severe cases. In conclusion, back pain is still considered to be a rich topic for study. Americans spend at least 50 billion dollars each year on low back pain, the most common cause of job-related disability and a leading contributor to missed work (NINDS). Luckily, most types back pain relived within a few days, where other conditions needs more time to cure and may lead to more serious conditions. Most of back pain causes cannot be completely prevented, but thought they can be modified in order to decrease the severity of the effects. Obesity can be modified with regular exercise and consumption of healthy food. Work related back pain as well as sport injuries can be prevented by accurate posturing and stretching of spine and muscles. Good back-strengthening exercises may include walking, swimming, bike riding and yoga could be beneficial to overcome aging back pain, where carful lifting, housekeeping and relaxing exercises will help pregnant women in controlling the incidence of lower back pai n. Signs and symptoms of back pain differ from person to another according to the severity of the injury to the spin and in the most of the cases, seeking for medical advice is important. The type of treatment to choose may be optional for people suffering of pain. Many people may seek to alternative therapy like Acupuncture, herbal medication and massage. On the other hand, many patients will seek for medical treatment for the severe pain by using prescribed pain killers and regular physiotherapy, exercise and weight reduction. Unfortunately, most of the literatures stated that attempts to prevent the occurrence of back pain have been unsuccessful. Proper health education can increase the health awareness of population regarding back pain and its prevention tips might be the key to solve this problem.   

Gloria Naylors Mama Day Essay -- Gloria Naylor Mama Day Essays

Gloria Naylor's Mama Day It is impossible to interpret Gloria Naylor’s 1988 novel, Mama Day, in one way. There are multiple standpoints that a reader can take in explaining various events that occur throughout the book, as well as different ways that the characters in the book interpret these events. The author never fully clarifies many questions that the story generates so as to leave the readers with the opportunity to answer them based on their own personal experiences and beliefs. The multiplicity of perspectives in Gloria Naylor’s Mama Day is embodied in the legend of Sapphira Wade and the dynamics between logic and the supernatural and between George and Cocoa. Sapphira Wade is a character that Naylor uses as a tool to immediately present the theme of multiple perspectives. Sapphira, who was brought to the island of Willow Springs as a slave in 1819, is at the top of the Day family tree. Through time her legacy had transformed to the point that her true identity became more of a matter of opinion than a matter of fact. Even the simple matter of the appearance of her skin becomes so distorted through the time span of a few generations that each member of the Willow Springs community describes her complexion differently. In regards to her supernatural attributes, members of the community portray Sapphira as being able to â€Å"walk through a lightning storm without being touched† and â€Å"use the heat of lightning to start the kindling going under her medicine pot: depending upon which of [them] takes a mind to her† (Naylor 3). It is up to the reader to decide which viewpoints to accept about Sapphira. These varying view s on Sapphira’s identity provide the reader with immediate evidence of the theme of multiple tr... ...it’s not as if [they] were dressing to petition the pope† (Naylor 230). Of course Cocoa’s perception of the situation was quite different: â€Å"I had to be perfect that evening† she says (Naylor 233). Both George and Cocoa feel as if the discrepancy was the fault of the other. Their attitudes regarding the situation that night are completely different. Mama Day is filled with situations in which the theme of multiplicity of perception arises. Various types of readers can interpret these situations in ways they feel are appropriate, just as different characters tend to have different perceptions of things based on their own values and ways of thinking. The important thing is that the reader does not forget that there is, in fact, more than one way to view these situations, and ignoring any one of them can take away from the worth of the book.

The Effect of Language in Vladimir Nabokovs Lolita Essay -- Nabokov L

The Effect of Language in Lolita      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What really is reality? How can we define reality? The very nature of such a subjective subject means that there are as many answers as there are questioning minds on the planet. Therefore, reality can only be defined as what it means to each of us. We learn particular ways of looking at life from our experiences, which we gain from our interactions with others. This is the basis of an elaborate theory called "the social construction of reality." In modern America, one of the largest social groups to which we can belong, certain values are instilled into our impressionable minds; for example, not many of us would accept pedophilia. Or would we? What if our interactions with others molded our susceptible minds so well, and so discreetly, that we came to casually accept pedophilia without knowing we were being deftly manipulated? This is the magic of Lolita, which does just that. The richness and playfulness of Humbert's prose; prominent allusions; foresha dowing; and eloquence; makes it difficult to relate to Humbert as anything less than a masterful lyricist, much less a pedophilic murderer, and pushes the reader to twist ethics until the situation is no longer seen from society's eyes, but from Humbert's. In fact, the complex riddles that Vladimir Nabokov employs beyond Humbert's own words, which further include such devices as foreshadowing and obscure jokes, cause us to become so absorbed in the cleverness of the book and its author that we nearly dismiss pedophilia as second nature to the intricate use of language. Once our morals are firmly in place, it's difficult for us to imagine them being warped or even forgotten, but Lolita manages to make us question th... ...ook down and feel pity for Humbert when Lolita runs away, then realize that we felt pity when we should have felt vengeance. Works Cited Couturier, Maurice. "The Poerotic Novel: Nabokov's Lolita and Ada." 27 Jan. 2002. <http://www.libraries.psu.edu/iasweb/nabokov/coutur1.htm> Nabokov, Vladimir. Lolita. New York: Vintage, 1955. Rivers, J.E., Charles Nicol. Nabokov's Fifth Arc: Nabokov and Others on his Life's Work. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982. Wood, Michael. The Magician's Doubts: Nabokov and the Risks of Fiction. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. Poe, Edgar Allen. "Edgar Allen Poe - The Academy of American Poets." 16 Mar. 2002. <http://www.poets.org/poems/poems.cfm?prmID=2212> Eliot, T.S. "Ash Wednesday by T.S. Eliot." 16 Mar. 2002. <http://web.mit.edu/ashah/www/ashwed.html>