One Hot Pot

This was a birthday to be remembered. It had been two years since I had seen my dad, half brother, and stepmom. They came to visit from Los Angeles the week of my birthday. It was also days before Christmas. I knew this birthday was going to be special because I couldn’t remember the last time we were all together for my birthday or Christmas. I’m thankful for the special birthday dinner I had with my family. On the day of my birthday, I had to go to work. After work, I hurried home to get ready for dinner. We all met at my sister’s house at 6:30 P. M.  When I walked inside, nobody was ready. Everyone including my nieces, nephew, sister, and brothers were busy watching television or playing on their I phones. I looked around and saw my dad and stepmom in the kitchen preparing food. I asked them, â€Å"what are you guys doing? † and my dad said, â€Å"I’ve decided to have dinner at home instead of going out to eat. † I thought that was a great idea because I would rather spend quality time with them at home instead of at the restaurant. Then I started to look around to see what he was making. I saw a big pot of boiling stock. At that point, I knew we were having a hot pot. Hot pot consisted of simmering a metal pot of stock placed at the center of the dining table which was fueled by a portable butane gas stove. While the hot pot was simmering, ingredients were placed into the pot and were cooked at the table. Ahhh†¦. I was so excited about the evening because hot pot was one of my favorites. The weather was cold and raining outside while the hot pot was simmering which made the house felt warm and cozy. There was no better meal for this particular day than a hot pot. My dad took all day to prepare the food. He cut and cleans various uncooked items including meat (lamb, beef, chicken, and duck), vegetables (bok choi, bean sprout, daikon, tofu, tomatoes, taro, lettuce, and mushroom), seafood (fish, squid, lobster, prawn, crab, clam, and oyster. ) He had to pull apart the crabs, scrub the clams, and shuck the oysters from the shell; preparing the food was the most difficult part of the meal. Finally it was time for dinner. Everyone started to load the food individually into the hot cooking broth with their chopsticks. When the food was cooked in the pot, it was usually eaten with a dipping sauce. My favorite was the clams, so I grabbed a lot of clams and loaded it into the pot with the strainer and gently placed it over the boiling water and watched the clams open. Once they opened, I placed them in my bowl and started to dig in. Hot pot wasn’t like any regular meal because it could last for hours. Everyone would eat or wait for the food to cook while talking with each other. Even after I was full and I would sit there and listen to everyone talk and then I got hungry again. We would usually eat late into the night when we had hot pot for dinner. I couldn’t imagine a better time than Christmas time to be with my family sitting around at the dinner table admiring each other. Besides my dad and step mom, my oldest sister, three older brothers, a half brother and my sister’s five children were there. Even my mom and step dad came over to celebrate and some of my cousins too. Because of my parent’s divorce, it took a lot for all of us to be sitting around the same table. This meal was unforgettable.

Negotiations Between German Officials and Black September

The terrorists handed a communique to the police, in it they demanded the release of more than two hundred revolutionary prisoners from jails in Germany, Israel and else where. Black September spent weeks planning the assault on the Olympic Village but their original 9 a. m deadline for the release of the 200 prisoners was hopelessly optimistic. By 8. 45 a. m no progress had been made in meeting the demands of the terrorists and Olympic officials scrambled to secure a meeting with the terrorists in order to extend the deadline.A police officer Anneliese Graes who was acting as an intermediary set up a meeting between the terrorist leader Issa and a small delegation of senior German, Olympic and foreign officials. As these officials approached the building it was very clear that the terrorists were in total control of the situation. When negotiators made their way to the scene they knew nothing about the terrorists except for what they could see. Three terrorists were visible at any o ne time, Issa the leader of the group, his face blackened with shoe polish and two other gunmen who were seen pointing assault rifles from the windows of the hotel room.The Munich chief of police Schreiber said â€Å"on the first floor balcony was a man wearing a balaclava and pointing a sub machine-gun towards us, towards me! † (p57) The negotiators were clearly dealing with a very delicate situation and the atmosphere between the men was described as incredibly tense. It was clear to Schreiber the chief of police that these were very dangerous men that they were dealing with. Not only were there two men on the balcony pointing guns at the negotiators but the leader, Issa had a hand grenade in his hand through-out the negotiations.Schreiber described the leader, â€Å"Issa expressed his demands in a staccato manner and at times sounded like a fanatic or one of those people who aren’t completely anchored in reality or totally aware. He was very cool and very determine d, clearly fanatical in his convictions† Eventually the negotiators managed to convince Issa that the demands were being considered in Tel Aviv and Bonn and that the Israelis and Germans needed more time to locate and free all of the prisoners.Israel immediately told the German authorities that in line with their policies they would not give in to the terrorists demands the then Prime minister for Israel Golda Meir going on record saying â€Å"If we should give in, then no Israeli anywhere in the world can feel that his life is safe, it’s blackmail of the worst kind. † â€Å"When it became clear to me the negotiation was fruitless I said to the leader (Issa): ‘You know our recent history, what was done to the Jews by the Germans. You must understand that this makes the situation here particularly difficult. ’ I said, ‘why don’t you let them go and take me instead. But he refused An unlimited sum of money as well as German minister Hans- Dietrich Genscher was also offered in exchange for the the lives of the Iraeli hostages. According to the Iraeli chief of police Manfred Scrieber the terrorists responded by saying, â€Å"It is not a question of money or substitute hostages but only of the two hundred prisoners† In the opinion of Magdi Gohary an advisor to the Arab League who negotiated with the members of Black September for the release of the hostages the terrorists really believed in the possibility of their demands being met.In Gohary’s opinion at the time from a political point of view the release of over 200 extremist prisoners was â€Å"99. 9 percent unlikely† he says â€Å" I thought and still think that the Israelis would rather have let their whole athletic team be killed than let this happen† the negotiators tried to explain these things to Issa but he was very â€Å"sceptical and dismissive†. Israel however, remained adamant that no deal would be struck with the terrori sts. To buy time the negotiators lied to the terrorists and told them that they were still awaiting word from Jerusalem.

Son of Satan

Summary Son of Satan is about an 11 year old boy who is the narrator, and his 2 buddies Has and Morgan. They are smoking and talking about another boy named Simpson who told them that he has bucked a girl under the narrator's garage. They agree to beat him up and walk to Simpson place, hit him a couple of times in his stomach and force him to go with them to the narrator's backyard. They agree that Simpson is guilty of lying and has to be hanged by the neck. And he therefore is.The 3 boys runs away but the narrator goes back and lets Simpson down, he take a long walk and hen return to his home where his father Is walling for him, they have a short conversation and then the narrator is getting beat up by his father. Characterization of the narrator and his relationship to his father The narrator Is the leader In a small gang of tree boys In the ages 11-12. The narrator Is a round non developing character because we know a lot about him from the text, but he isn't changing through the story. I believe that the narrator is insecure about himself and therefore Is afraid to show any weaknesses to his friends. L didn't want to go on with It any longer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ UT I was the leader and I was going to have to fight Has afterwards and I couldn't show any weakness† (P. 42, L. 25-28) This shows me that he actually isn't as tough and stupid as he want to be and that the peer pressure is forcing him to act like this. As soon as his friends is gone he goes back to Simpson and helps him (P. 43, L. 5-9) also he feels bad afterwards â€Å"l felt as if my life was over† (P. 43, L. 22) and â€Å"l felt as If I had done something very bad† (P. 43, L. 25-26) which shows me that he actually regret what he have done.The narrator clearly has a bad relationship to is father, when he describes him, he only tells what he doesn't like about him. â€Å"My father was a big man, SIX feet two and one half. He had a big head, and eyes that hung there under bushy eyebro ws. HIS lips were thick and he had big ears. He was mean without even trying. † (P. 44, L. 2-5) everything on his father is described as big. That tells me that he feels suppressed by his father, the story ends with his father beating him up, which Indicates why the narrator is like he Is. I think that the narrator Is a good person. But bad parenting by his father have made him to a bad errors.Son of Satan By Experimental By Brian Jensen 1 N guilty of lying and has to be hanged by the neck, and he therefore is. The 3 boys runs then return to his home where his father is waiting for him, they have a short Characterization of the narrator and his relationship to his father The narrator is the leader in a small gang of tree boys in the ages 11-12. The narrator is a round non therefore is afraid to show any weaknesses to his friends. â€Å"l didn't want to go on with it any longer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ But I was the leader and I was going to have to fight Has afterwards ND I couldn't sho w any weakness† (P. 2, L. 25-28) This shows me that he actually and â€Å"l felt as if I had done something very bad† (P. 43, L. 25-26) which shows me that his father, when he describes him, he only tells what he doesn't like about him. â€Å"My father was a big man, six feet two and one half. He had a big head, and eyes that hung there under bushy eyebrows. His lips were thick and he had big ears. He was beating him up, which indicates why the narrator is like he is. I think that the narrator is a good person, but bad parenting by his father have made him to a bad

List a few jobs that have been rendered obsolete by technological Essay

List a few jobs that have been rendered obsolete by technological change. Are some of these jobs so unpleasant that they are be - Essay Example With the stunning invention of computer hardware/software, the world witnessed a heavy downsizing in almost every industrial sector. Millions of people especially unskilled workforce was deprived of their jobs as a result of neck breaking inventions. As and how the technologies kept on getting upgraded and excelled, more and more jobs and the machines, which the world’s people were amazed on, became scrapped. Telex machine/Telex operator is the best-fit example to support my statement above. Telex machine, which was once perhaps deemed to be the fastest source of communications, no longer exists. I understand the basis of jobs that became obsolete is â€Å"Necessity is the mother of invention† more than jobs themselves being â€Å"unpleasant†. Before the invention of email/internet, people were comfortable with the postal service and did not feel the postal service being unpleasant or inconvenient. However, now enjoying the facility of email/internet, we now feel embarrassing sending things by mail.

Fictitious company, Mullin plc., is examining their dividend policy Essay

Fictitious company, Mullin plc., is examining their dividend policy. For the past five years (2008-2012) it has paid no dividend - Essay Example Dividend policy mainly concerns itself with the payment of cash dividends, at the present time, or in a near future (Barnett, 2012). It is important to denote that there are other types of dividends, such as stock dividends, and stock repurchases dividends. Stock dividends involves issuing out dividends in the form of the company’s stock, while stock repurchases dividend involves the buying of the company’s shares from willing investors by the company. This paper mainly concerns itself with cash dividend. The cash dividend policy refers to the actual amount of money that a company pays to investors. According to this policy, a company is supposed to state how much money it pays as dividends to investors, and the frequency of paying this amount of money (Garcia and Moore, 2012). The decision to pay a certain amount of dividends, and the frequency in which to pay this amount of dividends is based on the profitability of the company, and the excess cash it accumulates at t he end of each trading period. When there is a surplus in cash, the company can either decide to pay dividends, or it can decide to expand its operations. Developing a dividend policy is a very challenging initiative for the directors of a company. This is because investors of the company have differing views on the current cash dividends, and also on the future expectations of the capital gain (Ross and Westerfield, 2013). Another confusion that emerges in developing a dividend policy is the effect of the policy on the share prices of the company. It is important to denote that a favorable dividend policy will always lead to an increase in the share prices of a company. On the other hand, a dividend policy that is not favorable will on most occasion lead to the reduction of the share prices of the business entity. This is an aspect that managers of a business organization will always thrive to avoid. This paper identifies, and analyzes the various dividend policies that Mullin plc has, and their advantages or disadvantages. It examines if the policy under consideration will be beneficial to the company. This paper identifies four different types of dividend policies, namely (Shukla, 2012); i. Stable dividend policy ii. Irregular dividend policy iii. No immediate policy on dividend. iv. Regular dividend policy This paper has a conclusion, which provides a clear recommendation on the appropriate policy that the company should enact, and the justifications on why that policy is the best. Regular Dividend Policy: Regular dividend policy involves a situation where investors of a company are able to receive dividends at their usual rates, and on a constant period of time. The main investors in a company that provides such kind of a dividend are usually retired individuals, or weaker members of the society. This includes people with low wages or no income sources at all. The company can maintain this type of a dividend policy only if its revenue from its business op eration is stable and regular. This type of dividend policy manages to create a sense of confidence amongst the shareholders of a company (Stout, 2012). This is because they are guaranteed of a certain percentage of dividends at the end of the business financial years. It is also a sign that the operations of the business organization are stable and thus the company is making profits. This policy also

Fitting into society is not the easy way Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fitting into society is not the easy way - Essay Example At first, I found it difficult and impossible to adjust there as I was very weak in English. The condition of my written and spoken English may be compared to the situation of mother’s English in Amy Tan’s novel. As Amy describes it â€Å"I can think of no way to describe it other than â€Å"broken,† as if it were damaged and needed to be fixed, as if it lacked a certain wholeness and soundness† (62). I used to get irritated and annoyed while communicating to friends, teachers and other associates. The difference of language and accent made me feel low and helpless. My social circle was shortened to an extent that I felt isolated and lonely. This was the worst effect of moving from my native land to a new state. In China, we used to live and work in groups. Our decisions were based on the suggestions and perceptions of others. However, the American culture emphasizes on individuality and personal decision making. I found it really difficult to choose everything from the choice of my clothes to the academic field which I had to opt. In addition to this, the Chinese culture places more emphasis on the respect and acting upon on elders advices. I used to respect them and our communication ways with elders was more respectful and loving with children. However, in America, I experienced a major flaw in the society. Youngsters do not tend to give that level of respect and importance to elders which I was habitual of. I expected the same respect from the youngsters and loving attitude from the elders. However, this misconception ended as I experienced certain events and faced behaviors of American people in the park. I went out to the park with my college friends. It was a wonderful day. Everyone was enjoying and we were cracking jokes, listening to music and having fun. The first thing that irritated me was the song choice which differed greatly. But since most of the Americans

Different ways of manufacturing aluminum Research Paper

Different ways of manufacturing aluminum - Research Paper Example minum has thousands of different applications particularly in construction and manufacturing sectors and â€Å"more than 10 billion pounds of aluminum are produced worldwide annually† (Lindamood n. d.). The most commonly found aluminum ore bauxite is a mineral of aluminum (Al) and hydroxyl (OH) with very strong covalent bounding between oxygen and aluminum. Hence on large scale, it is not possible to directly extract Al from its ore by simple chemical process. The separation is carried out through various indirect methods. The manufacturing of pure aluminum (lxx.x, 99.00% or greater) from its ores is done through following process as given below. Also known as ore separation/purification process is invented by an Austrian chemist Carl Josef Bayer while working at Saint Petersburg, Russia. In this process, after mining, the ore is mechanically crushed into very fine granular form. The fine powdered ore is then mixed in hot caustic soda liquor (NaOH) at 110-270 °C under 340 kPa Pressure to produce slurry of liquid. After several hours of process NaOH completely dissolves the Al. The liquid is then passes through a series of flash tanks to reduce the pressure and to recover the heat. The mixture is separated from its solid impurities by passing it through a settling tank and through filtration process. The saturated aluminum rich liquid passes through a series of six-story-tall precipitation tanks (Hall 1997). As the liquid propagates through each tank, seed alumina hydrate crystals are also added from the top of each tank. The â€Å"aluminum trihydrate crystals grows in size and precipitated calcined in rotary kilns or flui dized bed calciners to produce alumina (Al2O3)† (Aluminum Manufacturing 1998: pp.261).The crystals obtained through kiln are cool down and proceed to smelting process. In Hall-Heroult Process also known as smelting processing the alumina crystal abstained through Bayer process is further dissolved in molten cryolite at a temperature of 960-970 ° C

Business Policy Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Policy Concepts - Essay Example A good corporate strategy should integrate an organization's goals, policies, and action sequences (tactics) into a cohesive whole. The success of Japanese companies revealed implementation policies which appeared to be unique but have now been shown to be valid in many business environments, for example management by walking around (MBWA) proved to be a successful technique for Honda. Senior management's contacts with key people resulted in appropriate choice of policies and to the success of the company philosophy. This shows that corporate choice of strategy and implementation of that strategy involves many different concepts, theories and frameworks. An understanding of major choices of corporate policies and their advantages and disadvantages is critical to the understanding of business policy process {Johnson et al, 2005]. In a perfect world a strategy planned by the management will proceed according to plan and be implemented. Unfortunately any belief that strategy can be formulated on the basis of intended and deliberate actions to result in commercial success is far from the truth. This concept rules out any opportunity to adapt to a changing market situation. In a number of cases a situation may develop where incremental changes in the strategy may result in a more advantageous position for the company. This is a positive example of strategic drift. A preplanned and formulated strategy also assumes an organization to be homogeneous where management decisions from the top can be implemented in full. In practice the decisions are effected by power behavior, cultural and political factors. Quinn [cited in Peppard et al, 1996] argued that strategy develops incrementally as a result of decision made due to developing market situations and other organizational experiences. This strategic drift results in a course which is often significantly different from formal planning. Drift in strategic planning is a fact of organizational strategy. It does not mean that strategic policy making is a useless process as it will eventually drift into something new. It only recognizes that changes often become necessary due to extraneous factors and require adjustments to the strategy to keep the broader strategy on course. Porter's 5 Forces Porter's five forces is a useful tool for analyzing the factors impacting on strategy formulation. [Porter, 1980] identified forces that impact every business. The objective of the strategy is to use these competing forces to result in a positive impact on the business. These forces identified by Porter are the driving forces of the industry. The strategy analysis thus analyses the impact of these forces on a particular business and how to minimize the impact of the negative forces and maximize the benefits of the positive forces. The five forces are: 1. The threat of new entrants 2. Bargaining power of suppliers 3. Bargaining power

Wizard of oz and spirited away Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wizard of oz and spirited away - Essay Example The Wizard of Oz is a tale about the negotiation of gender, race and identity in popular culture. Spirited Away is about a child’s transition from childhood to adulthood. Spirited Away is a film about a Japanese girl who moves to a new city with her parents. In this film, the young girl goes through stages of transition, which are accompanied by rites of passage. In her adventure through her new world, Chihiro becomes lost in a fantastical world. She meets odd creatures, which alternately hinder and help in her adventure. The film has numerous Shrine Shinto and folk perspectives, which are embedded in the Japanese cultural vocabulary of the film. The film is a representation of the Japanese culture. It has numerous instances that portray the Japanese Shrine Shinto and folk perspectives, which are embedded in its cultural vocabulary (Clews and Michael 187). Spirited Away centers on Chihiro and her journey through the world of spirits. During her journey, Chihiro becomes separated from her previous world. Her experiences in this world are comparable to the experiences of Dorothy in the Wizard of Oz because they represent a rite of passage to adulthood. The archetypical entrance of Chihiro into the spiritual world demarcated her status as an individual who is between childhood and adult hood. In addition to the rite of passage, Spirited Away also provides critical commentary of the Japanese society, in a similar fashion to the Wizard of Oz (Clews and Michael 188). The film focuses on critical cultural perspectives such as the dissolution of traditional cultures, generational conflicts and customs present in a globalized society. Like in Spirited Away, Dorothy, in the Wizard of Oz, lives in a fantastical world. She lives in the world of Oz, which is inhabited by witches. The world of Oz is facing a major conflict between the wicked witches and good withes. Unlike Chihiro, Dorothy is treated like a heroine because her

Renewabe Energy Sources Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Renewabe Energy Sources - Research Paper Example Renewable energy sources and the significant opportunities for the energy efficiency exist over a wide geographical area. Deployment of the renewable energy and technological diversification of the energy sources would result in a significant energy security and economic benefits (Johansson, 2007). There are several uncertainties surrounding the future of renewable sources of energy. There are claims that the available sources will be unable meet the demand in the future. In the past, the renewable energy has been terribly expensive to produce and use than fossils fuels. The renewable resources are mainly located in the remote areas, and it is terribly expensive to build the power lines in urban areas where electricity produced is needed. The use of this energy sources is also limited by the fact that they are not always available for use. During the cloudy days, they may be no solar power produced (Tiwari, 2012). When the winds are calm, and there is drought there would be no hydrop ower produced in such a case. The use and production of the renewable sources has grown in the recent years as a result of high prices of gas and natural oil. The use of this energy is expected to continue rising over the next thirty years, although EIA projects will have to continue relying on the non-renewable fuels in order to meet the energy needs. Other sources of energy like the fossils cause an environmental hazard because they contribute in the global warming. The United States is the leading consumer of energy; her energy is expected to rise in the future. Alternative sources will be used; this will ease the burden of importing petroleum products (Fra?ss-Ehrfeld, 2009). Therefore, U.S should be in the front line in developing the energy sources such as the wind and solar power. This will substantially boost the economy, hence reducing global warming and also help their citizen to save money. Unfortunately, oil companies have always been able to influence the department of E nergy to reject proposals on additional sources of energy. It has always been that the decision of the department on the project will depend on the opinions of the oil companies. Few countries have the capabilities of storing the energy for use. This is an exercise which requires funding; this makes it difficult to establish various points where the energy can be stored (Laughton, 2006). Sources like geothermal and water requires funds to implement the project. Lack of knowledge can also be a problem when implementing the project of renewable from of energy. Projects like geothermal and hydropower have to be implemented by electrical engineers, which might be a significant problem while finding one. Solar energy utilizes the infrared radiations to emit energy. This can be used at night and does not require additional resources. Despite requiring, no resources the people implementing must have the required knowledge to implement the project successfully. Energy is a necessary resourc e that is necessary for all industrial societies. Natural sources of energy like fossil fuels pose a risk to the environment. Other sources of energy are not sufficient to meet the demand for energy. These conditions require the United States to find alternative sources of energy. These alternative sources must meet the demands of energy which will reduce the risks of global warming. Th

In what ways wining Ca state lottery makes you bad Essay

In what ways wining Ca state lottery makes you bad - Essay Example This weakens their mental concentration towards their studies, and this will shamble their academic performance. It is also factual that many students after winning lottery money they are subject to poor financial management and this often cause them more psychological stress hence devastating their academic progress. Empirical research also shows that many college students who become millionaires due to lottery money have the high tendency of quitting their studies and embark on ill-advised investments. Consequently, some students end up in debt, and this may cause them being hospitalize due to the depression they undergo as a result of shock. Disparagingly, they come to realize their mistakes after exhausting the money; rather too late for any rectification action to be taken. What’s more, recent reports have found that students who win lottery money lose trust with almost everybody including their colleagues, family members, and even their teachers. It is true that winning the big top prize could be hard to trust anyone or any new person. Consequently, one’s safety is compromised. Additionally, college students who win the big Jackpot tend to become more vulnerable, unlike before. This is because the money they possess may make them be kidnap, or even be killed, and this will automatically make the winner uncomfortable. While lottery money helps a student to cope up with college life by empowering them financially, it ruins students by giving them enough cash to engage in drug abuse, and this money may transform these students to drug dealers. Therefore, this may cause them their live such as being killed or lifetime imprisonment for violating the state’s constitutional declarations. Therefore, if a student winning lottery money is not monitored, they may use the money to ruin their life and even the life of others. From the above elucidations, it is ostensible

Romance Versus Reality Essay Example for Free

Romance Versus Reality Essay â€Å"The best laid schemes of mice and men go aft astray, and leave us naught by grief and pain for promised joy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Robert Burns). This quote means that the romantic themes in the book vanish and leave behind realistic shock. In â€Å"Of Mice and Men† by John Steinbeck, Lennie, George and Curley’s wife’s romantic dream of owning a farm is crushed by the reality of death. The dead mouse symbolizes that Lennie’s dream of taking care of rabbits will never come true. The dead puppy also proves he will never own the rabbits. Curley’s wife’s death again proves they will never get the farm because they won’t get the money she promised. Finally, Lennie’s death makes George realize the farm house dream would never come true. The mouse Lennie hides in his pocket from George, proves the point that Lennie will never take care of the rabbits. Lennie tries to convince George, the mouse was dead when he found it, â€Å"’Jus’ a dead mouse, George. I didn’ kill it. Honest! I found it. I found it dead.’† (Steinbeck 6). Lennie wants to someday take care of the rabbits on the dream farm, and if George knew he lacked self-control and accidently killed the mouse, Lennie’s dream would never come true. Although, in reality Lennie has actually killed the mouse and most likely other creatures. Overall showing, he will never gain enough responsibility and self-control to own the rabbits. Later on, Lennie is given a puppy with the purpose of showing George, that he might someday be able to someday take care of the rabbits. George wants to believe Lennie can take care of a puppy because it is bigger than a mouse. But Lennie ends up murdering the puppy and only worries that George will not allow him to take care of the rabbits. â€Å"’Maybe if I took the pup out and throwed him away George wouldn’t never know’†¦ ‘Don’t you think of nothing but rabbits?’† (Steinbeck 98). George hopes the puppy will prove that Lennie will be able to take care of the rabbits, but in reality he is let down again. Lennie destroyed his last opportunity to care for the rabbits by killing Curley’s wife. She wanted to make something out of her life, â€Å"’ I coulda make somethin’ of myself†¦maybe I will yet.’† (Steinbeck 96). Curley’s wife gave up her life savings to help buy the farm, but never her death they would never get the money. Her death foreshadows that the romance of the farm will die causing the reality that they will never own the farm. Lennie’s death shows George that the farm could have never happened. George realized he wanted the farm only because Lennie loved the idea of it. Deep down George never thought they would ever get the farm. â€Å"’I think I knowed we’d never do her. He†¦liked to hear about it†¦I got to thinking maybe we would.’† (Steinbeck 103). George only told the story to trick Lennie into following his rules. George listened to his stories of the farm, and obeyed him, because he did if he did not listen, he would not take care of the rabbits. Due to Lennie’s death, George no longer needs to dream of the farm anymore. Robert Burns explains there is conflict between reality and romanticism among the characters in the novel, Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. The character of the dead mouse shows to us that Lennie is not capable of taking care of the rabbits on the dream farm. The dead puppy again shows that Lennie cannot control himself, so he will never have the rabbits. Curley’s wife’s death shows they will never purchase the farm because they never will get her promised money. Lastly, Lennie’s death makes George realize they knew they would never actually get the farm, and that he only told the story for Lennie’s entertainment.

The importance of the work of Kipling

The importance of the work of Kipling   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good morning ladies and gentlemen. I am honoured to have come here today as a keynote speaker to present to you the new poetry anthology, titled ?The Spirit of the Ages?. As many of you ask, what is this anthology about, and what does it have to do with the spirit of the ages? To address that question, I have picked a poet, Rudyard Kipling, and his poem ?The White Man?s Burden? as an example to discuss the significance of their inclusion of this anthology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To understand the importance of the work of Kipling, we must first understand the world that he lived in, that he captured the very essence of his age in. He was born in India in 1865 during the British Empire. Although he was educated in England, he considered himself an ?Anglo-Indian?, a term for those born in India under British rule. This type of imperialism, confusion of identity and national allegiance would become prominent motifs in his poetry. During his life, Britain was unchallenged in massing countries under the British Empire, and evident in Kipling?s poems, his belief was that it was the empires? duty to act as a global law force. Kipling?s only son died during 1915, during the early stages of World War One. This tragedy in his life led him to write revolutionary poetry based on his ideologies, not based on the glory and honour of war, which was trend, but about the common soldiers in trenches fighting for survival, depicting the reality of war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The chosen poem, ?The White Man?s Burden? is an excellent example of how Kipling takes a snapshot of his time and instills it into future generations. Although many will find the racial prejudice repugnant, be aware that during the late 19th century this was considered the social norm. This poem in itself can be considered an artifact for which we can relate to the social, emotional and personal reflections of Kipling, by gaining an insight into his world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem was the original poem Kipling planned to write for Queen Victoria?s Diamond Jubilee, however was substituted with another poem, ?Recessional?. Instead, with the subtitle ?The United States and the Philipine Islands?, it was published in 1899 in American magazine McClure?s as a response to the American controlled Philipines which were taken after the Spanish-American War. The poem was Kipling?s warning that likened imperialism to an unsupported goldmine, able to gain many riches, but at the same instant could collapse and destroy many. This controversial poem lit the fuse of the debate of whether the Empire was beneficial or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem?s title was embraced by the colonists in America, and ?The White Man?s Burden? almost became a slogan. They decided to ignore the warnings of Kipling blatantly transcribed in the poem, and instead it became a near anthem for those who wished to justify imperialism. The title was also a common phrase in everyday use, for example, an advert titled ?The White Man?s Poem?, no doubt inspired from the poem itself, was published to be aimed at white people ?burdening? themselves to teach those of other races the importance of hygiene.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For what reasons did Kipling write the poem? Some conclude that Kipling had a very Eurocentric view of the world. This meant the style he wrote in mirrored society?s outlook on the rest of the world. Lines such as ?Your new-caught, sullen peoples/Half-devil and half-child?, showed that those of a non-European education and beliefs are thought of as insignificant savages. Along with the title, it proposes that white people have the ?burden?, a word with negative connotations, to control the lives of these ?simpletons? and teach them the ?proper? ethnic and cultural Western ways. Since the debut of the poem, the term ?the white man?s burden? has been interpreted as a racist phrase. It shows the prevailing ?philanthropic view? common in society in which that period the wealthy were morally obliged to assist the less fortunate in improving life to their predefined standards, regardless of if those helped needed or wanted it in the first place. This view of Kipling?s p oem certainly explained the dominant mindset which allowed colonialism at that time to flourish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An opposing view of this is the argument that Kipling?s writing was satirical. Kipling did have a history of writing satire. The book A companion to Victorian Poetry states: ?imperial sensibilities with wry irony and skepticism, viewing all human endeavors as ultimately transitory?. There is much evidence present in the poem to suggest so. Seemingly, conditions to make our race content have not changed from the 19th century to the 21st. ?Take up the White Mans burden/And reap his old reward/The blame of those ye better/The hate of those ye guard/The cry of hosts ye humour?, showing that by capturing and enslaving them, the colonists are forcing the natives to face the hate, cruelty and loneliness that comes with Western society. The white man?s burden is this time used as a reflection on the burden of being a white man, rather than the white man?s obligation to teach those who are not white. This interpretation is of Kipling sighing about the complexity of being white and would rather prefer to be a part of a simpler society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perhaps both interpretations are right. For one, the horrors and pains that intruded into those within the colony?s lives are written down for all to see. Nevertheless, Kipling was regarded as a very pro-imperialist believer, but amazingly was not ignorant of the ugly side of imperialism?s twin headed face. Writer John Derbyshire described Kipling as ?an imperialist utterly without illusions about what being an imperialist actually means. This, in some ways, means that he was not really an imperialist at all.? Only with this reverent belief of imperialism, yet a clear understanding of the shortcomings of such a concept put into reality is what makes Kipling the optimal candidate of this anthology, as he is able to simulate in our minds two century later the social, moral, and historical happenings of his time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The spirit of ages is defined by what one?s interpretation of the spirit of the ages. To be able to reflect those feelings, thoughts, and beliefs experienced in his life in a poem is no easy feat, but Kipling has successfully done so and showed us a word painting of what it felt like to be alive at that time.

To investigate the temperature change in a displacement reaction between Copper Sulphate Solution and Zinc Powder :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

To investigate the temperature change in a displacement reaction between Copper Sulphate Solution and Zinc Powder Preliminary Experiment: Correlating Magnesium Powder and Copper Sulphate Solution ========================================================= I will mix 4cm of Magnesium ribbon and 50cm ³ of Copper Sulphate Solution into a polystyrene cup until I find a reaction. =============================================================== Prediction ========== The magnesium will displace the copper and the temperature will rise. Magnesium + Copper Sulphate †  Copper + Magnesium ------------------------------------------------ Mg + CuSO4 †  Cu + MgSO4 Hypothesis ========== The Magnesium will displace the Copper and rise in temperature because it is more reactive and it is an exothermic reaction. Results ======= Start Temperature 22 °C End Temperature 28 °C Rise In Temperature 6 °C This preliminary experiment was very useful because it is clear that there was a very small rise in temperature. This can be solved by using the powdered form of metal, that can be used to increase the surface area. Main Experiment: ================ Correlating Zinc and Copper Sulphate Solution ============================================= Prediction ========== I predict that the zinc will displace the copper to become zinc sulphate. --------------------------------------------------------------- Zinc + Copper Sulphate Zinc Sulphate + Copper I predict that the copper sulphate will only partially be heated during the reaction depending on the mass of zinc added to the solution of 50ml3. I predict that this reaction of the zinc and copper sulphate will be exothermic, therefore it will produce it’s own heat. I predict that the zinc powder will release more heat than zinc ribbon. I predict that the more zinc added to this reaction, the more the temperature would become up to a certain point. I predict that the temperature will increase when adding more zinc until a certain mass of zinc is reached. If more zinc is added when the ‘peak’ has been reached, then the temperature will decrease. Hypothesis ========== The copper will be displaced because zinc is higher in the reactivity series than copper therefore zinc is more reactive. The copper sulphate solution will only partially be heated during the reaction because there is not enough zinc to react with all of the copper depending on the mass of zinc. This reaction will be exothermic because all the heat will be given off in this reaction. The zinc powder will release more heat than zinc ribbon due to the powder having a larger surface area. The peak temperature is when there is about enough zinc to react with the copper sulphate. Any less zinc and it would not react as much producing less heat. Any more zinc would leave excess amounts, which would be harder to heat up and will reduce temperatures.

einstein Essay -- essays research papers

He was the embodiment of pure intellect, the bumbling professor with the German accent, a comic clichà © in a thousand films. Instantly recognizable, like Charlie Chaplin's Little Tramp, Albert Einstein's shaggy-haired visage was as familiar to ordinary people as to the matrons who fluttered about him in salons from Berlin to Hollywood. Yet he was unfathomably profound — the genius among geniuses who discovered, merely by thinking about it, that the universe was not as it seemed. Even now scientists marvel at the daring of general relativity ("I still can't see how he thought of it," said the late Richard Feynman, no slouch himself). But the great physicist was also engagingly simple, trading ties and socks for mothy sweaters and sweatshirts. He tossed off pithy aphorisms ("Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it") and playful doggerel as easily as equations. Viewing the hoopla over him with humorous detachment, he variously referred to himself as the Jewish saint or artist's model. He was a cartoonist's dream come true. Much to his surprise, his ideas, like Darwin's, reverberated beyond science, influencing modern culture from painting to poetry. At first even many scientists didn't really grasp relativity, prompting Arthur Eddington's celebrated wisecrack (asked if it was true that only three people understood relativity, the witty British astrophysicist paused, then said, "I am trying to think who the third p... einstein Essay -- essays research papers He was the embodiment of pure intellect, the bumbling professor with the German accent, a comic clichà © in a thousand films. Instantly recognizable, like Charlie Chaplin's Little Tramp, Albert Einstein's shaggy-haired visage was as familiar to ordinary people as to the matrons who fluttered about him in salons from Berlin to Hollywood. Yet he was unfathomably profound — the genius among geniuses who discovered, merely by thinking about it, that the universe was not as it seemed. Even now scientists marvel at the daring of general relativity ("I still can't see how he thought of it," said the late Richard Feynman, no slouch himself). But the great physicist was also engagingly simple, trading ties and socks for mothy sweaters and sweatshirts. He tossed off pithy aphorisms ("Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it") and playful doggerel as easily as equations. Viewing the hoopla over him with humorous detachment, he variously referred to himself as the Jewish saint or artist's model. He was a cartoonist's dream come true. Much to his surprise, his ideas, like Darwin's, reverberated beyond science, influencing modern culture from painting to poetry. At first even many scientists didn't really grasp relativity, prompting Arthur Eddington's celebrated wisecrack (asked if it was true that only three people understood relativity, the witty British astrophysicist paused, then said, "I am trying to think who the third p...

J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

AN INSPECTOR CALLS COMPARE THE LIVES OF EVA SIMTH AND SHEILA BIRLING â€Å"Property is that old fashioned way of thinking of a country as a thing and a collection of things on that thing.† This quote is taken directly from J.B.Priestleys late night post scripts on BBC radio in 1940, which were banned for being to critical of the governments actions, and can be used to sum up the capitalist view perfectly. I think this quote is made from the point of view of a capitalist who believes that the old-fashioned belief is to think of property as belonging the country and its people however the new belief, his belief, is that property can belong to individual people and not to the state or its people at all, and when a person owns his own property he can run it any way he sees fit. This is a belief which Priestly continually criticizes throughout his play. An Inspector Calls was written in 1945, the year the Second World War ended, but was set in 1911. The social climate of both years was of great unrest as was many areas of industry in Britain and many strikes took place all over the country much like the strike which took place in Mr. Birling’s factory. Priestley set the play in 1911 because of the onset of the First World War and he would be able to write the play with the advantage of hindsight, he could also make Mr. Birling look bad with his portentous beliefs and his promises of no war. He may have also set the play in 1911 because at this time he was 18 years old, working as a junior clerk in a wool firm and was about to gain his first insight into the differences between the social classes. The people he met at this age encouraged him to take part in their political arguments and discussions which were soon to influence his opinions and frame the values he was to later write about. These also led to him eventually attending university already politically aware at the age of 25. By writing the play 35 years after it was set, Priestley gave his audiences the advantage of hindsight. He wanted to do something about the injustices of society, and because only the middle and upper classes could afford to go to the theatre, his audiences were exactly the kind of people he was attacking. They were witnessing their own lives on stage and for them it may not have been a very pleasant thing to see. I believe that at the time only the middle and upper classes

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24HourAnswers. com Online Homework Focused Exercises for Math SAT Skill Set 17: Sequences Many of the problems in this exercise set came from The College Board, writers of the SAT exam. 1. 7, 15, 31, 63, †¦ The first term in the sequence above is 7, and each term after the first is determined by multiplying the preceding term by m and then adding p. What is the value of m ? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 2 3 4 9 2. 2, 6, 14, 30, †¦ In the sequence above, the first term is 2. Each number after the first is obtained by adding 1 to the preceding number and then doubling the result.What is the sixth number in the sequence? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 122 123 124 125 126 3. 150, 30, 6, †¦ 1f f f In the sequence above, each term after the 1st term is f of the term 5 preceding it. What is the 5th term of this sequence? 4. The first term of a sequence is 20 and the second term is 8. The third term and each term thereafter is the average (arithmetic mean) of the two terms immediately preceding it. What is the value of the first term in the sequence that is not an integer? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 22. 6 1. 23 24. 7 12. 5 6. 8 5. a, 3a, †¦The first term in the sequence above is a, and each term after the first is 3 times the preceding term. If the sum of the first 5 terms is 605, what is the value of a ? 6. 8, 17, 26, 35, 44, †¦ The first 5 terms in a sequence are shown above. Each term after the first is found by adding 9 to the term immediately preceding it. Which term in ` a this sequence is equal to 8 ? 26 @ 1 9 ? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 7. The 8th The 9th The 25th The 26th The 27th In the repeating decimal 0. 1246812468†¦ where the digits 12468 repeat, which digit is in the 4,000th place to the right of the decimal point? A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 2 4 6 8 8. The first term of a sequence of numbers is @ 3 . Each term after the first is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by @ 1 and then subtracting 1. What is the 75th term of the sequence? (A) @ 73 (B) @ 3 (C) 2 (D) 4 (E) 73 9. 3, 5, -5, †¦ The first term in the sequence of numbers shown above is 3. Each even numbered term is 2 more than the previous term and each odd numbered term, after the first, is -1 times the previous term. For example, the second ` a term is 3 + 2, and the third term is @ 1 B 5 . What is the 55th term of the sequence? A) @ 5 (B) @ 3 (C) @ 1 (D) 3 (E) 5 10. The first two numbers of a sequence are 1 and 3, respectively. The third number is 4, and, in general, every number after the second is the sum of the two numbers immediately preceding it. How many of the first 1,000 numbers in this sequence are odd? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 333 500 665 666 667 11. @ 1, 0, 1, 2 A sequence is formed by repeating the 4 numbers above in the same order indefinitely. What is the sum of the first 28 terms of the sequence? 12. 1, 2, 1, @ 1, @ 2 , . . . The first five terms of a sequence are shown above.After the second term, each term can be obtained by subtracting from the previous term the term before that. For example, the third term can be obtained by subtracting the first term from the second term. What is the sum of the first 36 terms of the sequence? (A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 12 (D) 24 (E) 30 13. 5. 101001000100001†¦ The decimal number above consists of only 1's and 0's to the right of the decimal point. The first 1 is followed by one 0, the second 1 is followed by two 0's, the third 1 is followed by three 0's, and so on. What is the total number of 0's between the 98th and the 101st 1 in this decimal number? A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 288 291 294 297 300 14. 1,234, †¦ 1,920,21 †¦ ,484,950 The integer above is formed by writing the integers from 1 to 50, in order, next to each other. If the integer is read from left to right, what is the 50th digit from the left? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 0 1 2 3 9 15. R Y G W B R Y G Y G W B The figure above shows the remaining pieces of a paper chain from which a section has been removed. The first link of the original chain was re d and the colors of the links formed the repeating pattern of red (R), yellow (Y), green (G), white (W), and blue (B) from left to right.Which of the following could be the number of links in the section that was removed? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 60 61 62 63 64 16. The first term of a sequence is @ 3 and every term after the first is 5 more than the term immediately preceding it. What is the value of the 101st term? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 505 502 500 497 492 17. 1f f f After the first term, each term in a sequence is 3 greater than f of the 3 preceding term. If t is the first term of the sequence and t ? 0 , what is the ratio of the second term to the first term? t ffff ? 9 ffff fff (A) ffff 3 t ffff ? ff fff f3 (B) ffff 3 ffff ? ff fff f9 (C) ffff 3t t ffff ? ff fff f3 (D) ffff 3t 9fffff @ 2t fffff fffff (E) fffff 3 18. 8, a, 14, b, 20, †¦ The first term of the sequence above is 8. Which of the following could be the formula for finding the nth term of this sequence for any positive i nteger n ? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 2n + 6 3n + 5 5n + 3 6n + 2 6n + 5 19. 3, 6, 11, 18, †¦ The first four terms of a sequence are shown above. Which of the following could be the formula that gives the nth term of this sequence for all positive integers n ? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 2n 2n + 1 3n n2 ? 1 n2 ? 2

Why Did Fascism Rise in Europe During the 1920s? Could It Have in the 1930s US?

What grade of economic environment would embrace Fascism? What broad of society would completelyow their pastorals freedoms and future to be placed into whizz dictators hands? Germany was surround by perceived forces of evil. The exploitation of worship from the French to the West and the Russians to the einsteinium would bypass the spirit of the German people. The fear of these devil forces a growthst a nationalized Germany would be utilise by Adolf Hitler to gain spring. In Italy, Benito Mussolini white plagued alliances with the Catholic Church, unions, and industry bosses to gain governmental power.That, on with using brute force against his semipolitical opponents, Mussolinis form of Fascism was gradually built with eleven years of severe political maneuvering. Both Hitler and Mussolini took advantage of a political environment to form a bran- tender lofty ideal, fascism, an ideal that would lead to a second escalation in the early twentieth century. World War I end very badly for the Prussians. They were broken into smaller nations. Lands were taken from them. Their methods of wealth gathering from earlier investments were seized forth from them.Any attainable modes of monetary stability were looking bleaker with the continuance of the reparations access out of the Great War. Even when the newfound Germany did create wealth, the French would take it away from them because of overdue payments. There was no monetary hope because the French were so rigid with their strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles. The enduring avenging that the French attracters had towards Germany after WWI was at last viewed by Germans as greed.The ruthless location of the French capitalists developed into an overall German distaste for the existing capitalist movement. To the East there was also a freshly formed communist Russia that was growing in structure and power. There was an anxiety among the German people with what was going on in Ru ssia. By outsiders, communism was understood as simply a loss of confidential property. The loss of private property was something that the new Furher, or leader, of Germany would claim to protect.Exploiting the peoples anxiety for a state-owned economic outline was a main tool used by Hitler. Germany didnt pauperism to be like the greedy French capitalists, nor did they want to be like the War-Communist, Stalin-led Russians. These two forces to any side of Germany created a vacuum of ideas. in spite of appearance this vacuum, Hitler forced his own ideas that in 1926 he laid-out in his work Mein Kampf . At this position of Germanys economic disrepair, Hitler could catch change over the German near anything especially because it was neither like the French nor the Russian various(prenominal) economic futures.Hitler also used the Jews as his own capitalist scapegoats for why the country was in such economic peril. He used this as a exchange cry, a distraction for something to move against at home. All they had to do was to exterminate the Jews, abide by Furher, and he would lead Germany back to universe a reunified world power. Benito Mussolini in Italy went some other route. After he was elected salad days Minister in 1922 he behind used political force to gain and maintain power. He gained the support of the Catholic Church by mandating Catholic nurture for children.He somehow aligned himself with both(prenominal) unions and industry bosses by mandating an eight instant workday and freeing the industries of back payments from WWI. And in order to get his way in the elected government he would use his seemingly endless political power to dissuade the elected liberals. He would imperil or even assassinate anyone who argue his rise to power. I declare. in front of the Italian peoplethat I alone assume the political, moral and diachronic responsibility for everything that has happened. Italy wants peace and quiet, work and calm.I will give th ese things with love if possible and with force if necessary. Peace via force? in some way that doesnt seem possible, but the fascist government led by its Il Duce, or leader, got its way. Exterminating, not Jews as Hitler was then(prenominal) doing, but liberals in Italian places of power. In the 1930s America it was a dreadful time financially. People were voting with their stomachs and they were all ears in following the leadership of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. FDR was a very popular American leader as he was voted into the highest office quaternion times.America was not quite as broken as Germany was. America even so had its ideals intact as evidenced by its strong opposition to FDRs attempted amendment to the governance adding six members to the Supreme Court. Despite the financial hardships that the American people were experiencing in the 1930s, Fascism was much too different for appeal to the Americans. They were too proud of their existing American res publica to ever be influenced tolerable to change the ideology from a capitalist land towards a fascist dictator.Americans were much to a greater extent interested in FDRs tweaks than in a complete government occur as either Mussolini or Hitler would pass advocated. With a thriving fascist government, when is enough, enough? When dealing with fascism there is never rattling a true stopping point. Whether it was soul within the nation, like the liberals in Italy or the Jews of Germany, or an outside threat, like the communists of Russia or the French Capitalists, there will ever so be an opposing party. It begs the question whether a successful WWII campaign by Italy and Germany would have eventually pitted them against each other?

F. Scott Fitzgerald and Gatsby S Business

Chapter 7 Questions 1. Who is Pammy? How does Gatsby fight d consume when he agrees her? How does her existence complicate Gatsbys daydream? Pammy is the daughter of Daisy and tomcat Buchanan. Gatsby looks at Pammy with surprise when he meets her, gobbler and Daisys daughter. He is hurt that Daisy has moved on in life with fall out him, while he clay trapped in the love he has had for her every(prenominal) those years. Pammy is living proof, something you bungholenot undo, and that is wherefore it hurts Gatsby. 2. How does tomcat suddenly be intimate to realize that Daisy loves Gatsby? How does he react?tom turkey suddenly comes to realize that Daisy loves Gatsby when before lunch Gatsby eyeball and Daisys eyes meet, and st be at each some otherwise, alone in space. turkey cock realizes that they love each other. Their eyes introduce this to him. Tom reacts in shock and did not feel out anything. He opened his mouth, looked at Gatsby, then patronage to Daisy as if in disbelief. 3. What important discovery does Wilson build in this chapter? How does he react? Wilson discovers that his wife had an affair. He believes that Myrtle is unworthy. He needs money so he can go out West. 4. What things has Tom discover to the highest degree Gatsbys business dealings?Tom perceives Gatsby as a low-class hustler, a bootlegger who will never be subject to distance himself from his past. In Toms selective mind, Gatsby is common and hence his existence is meaningless. He comes from ordinary roots and can never change that. The illusion of Jay Gatsby comes tumbling down. In all of Gatsbys years of dreaming, he never once suspected that he might not hand over his way. He is no longer able to set up himself because the dream defined him and now the dream is gone. 5. why was Myrtle running towards Gatsbys automobile? Who was drive the car that hit Myrtle Wilson? Who does Tom debate was effort?Myrtle was running forward from her economise becaus e he would not let her go. Daisy was driving the car that hit Myrtle Wilson. Tom thought that Gatsby was driving the car. 6. How does the accident appear to affect Jordan? Jordan doesnt expect affected by the accident. She acts as if it is notwithstanding some other event in her inciteying-lifestyle. Nick refers to all of them as rotten because they atomic number 18 self-absorbed, uncaring, selfish, and dishonest mountain. Daisy killed Myrtle and doesnt seem to feel a thing. Analysis 7. What has changed about Gatsbys house? What might this change symbolize or foreshadow?Gatsbys house has been overtaken by his dream. He let his own desires corrupt his internal sanctuary. 8. What does the actor mean when he writes that Tom looked at Daisy as if he had just recognized her as somebody he knew a long time ago. He saw the real Daisy, a person that has been covered up by everyones desires. She let state think what they want to feel a part of everything. She let people build up th eir own re vomit upation for her rather than building it up herself. 9. why do you think Fitzgerald refers to Daisy as the golden young woman? What does Gatsby say Daisys voice is lavish of?What does this resemblance suggest about what really attracts men to her? I think that Fitzgerald refers to Daisy as the golden girl because, she was perpetually expected to do everything perfect so that she did not mess up her familys reputation. Many are drawn to the rich crowd even if they rule out of them, like Nick. Daisy representsmaterial wealthand all that comes with it. These things are class, beauty, comfort and power. Gatsby said that Daisys voice was full of money. This shows that she has power over men. Daisy has always had what she wanted increase up in a wealthy home, including her pick of men. 0. How has Gatsbys dream died in this chapter? How has everyone else suffered loss in this chapter? Gatsbys dream selects him to the destruction, of both the dream and himself. Gatsb y wants to be love by everyone. He doeswant to assimilate to reachDaisy. He constantly wants to be the center of guardianship and have a reputation as a pillar of beau monde. He wants to be wealthy and most god-like. 11. After the confrontational scene in the hotel room, why do you think Fitzgerald has Nick report that he has turned thirty that day? What is ironic about Nick turning thirty in this particular(a) chapter?It shows Nick maturing and realizing who everyonje really is rather than hiding in the screenground. It is ironic because as one is celebrating life others are mourning the death of Myrtle Wilson. 12. In this chapter, Gatsbys car is described as the death car. If his car symbolizes materialism, how does this add meaning to that symbolism? Identify other deaths found in Chapter 7. Gatsbys dream has belong a death and Daisys covered up personality has as well. Gatsbys car was just a role in this charade because Tom was trying to prove a point to everyone. 13. w hy is Nick disgusted with Jordan in the end of the chapter?What has she through with(p) or said that irritates him? Nick is disgusted with Jordan in the end of chapter 7 because, he finds out that Jordan was geological datinganother man. Nick did not see Jordan for a long time. Nick is disgusted by the position that Jordan is spoiled, dishonest, and careless. Jordan wants to win everything at the expense of honesty and trust. Therefore, she makes herself out to be a dishonest person who lies to keep what she wants. 14. Chapter 7 parallels Chapter 1 in many ways. iodin example is the initial setting at the Buchanans a second example is the heat. Identify at least three other similarities.What might be Fitzgeralds purpose for this correspondence? Three other similarities are. I think that Fitzgeralds purpose for this parallelism is, 15. How are Tom Buchanan and George Wilson alike? What might Fitzgerald be suggesting through these similarities? Tom used George to get to his wife Myrtle, who gave him the sense of muscularity that he longed for, the sense of vitality that Daisy just could not give him. Tom meditated a devious plan to rid Gatsby from Daisys life. He purposely took Gatsbys car to Wilsons garage so Myrtle would see it and think that it was Toms new car. 6. How does Fitzgerald draw comparisons between Tom and Gatsby? What might he be suggesting through these similarities? both want Daisy to be their very own. Being wealthy, lacking Daisy to be their own, and having hostile feelings towards one another. Both Gatsby and Tom strive to be financially successful. Both Gatsby and Tom find their high status in society important. Differences between one another can lead to negative consequences. They see the bad qualities in themselves and scorn each other for it. 17. Compare and contrast the chase two images.Identify where each occurs in the story and plow the meaning behind the similarities and differences. 18 He put his hands in his coat pocket s and turned back eagerly to his scrutiny of the house, as though my heraldic bearing marred the sacredness of the vigil. So I walked away and left him standing there in the moonlight watch over nothing. 19 But I didnt call to him, for he gave a sudden tip that he was content to be alonehe stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling.Involuntarily I glanced seaward and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and faraway, that might have been the end of a dock. In both of these scenes Gatsby pushes away the help of others. He does not want people to see the real him or get too close. Everyone has feelings and Gatsby is hit hard when people get in between him and his dreams. Staring out into the big slant and open world helps him clear his head.

“Interests” and Accounting Standard Setting in Malaysia

AAAJ 12,3 beguiles and carriage acting of score saving telescope in Malaysia dexterity of mental strain and account, Univer tantalisey of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Keywords explanation craft, Malaysia, ances savours squeeze This caprice attainers insights into the battles and x-spotsions in malice of appearance the Malayan upstarts report physician and the divisi angiotensin converting enzymer cope in this to loom the story ensample riding horse b rig, indoors the scene of a quick evolution soil.It manseals how arouse conventions and insular occasions, a hanker with channel ups of self- cheerion, clashing the forge of measuring climb, which was check ram by conduct by varied occasion tos e precise manoeuvre the termination infra contemp latish. At angiotensin-converting enzyme and entirely(a) snip the employment b oppo flummoxe alto hither e rattlingw pre direct(predicate)d. however furthest fro m universe a loose proboscis, it was in op a playe blood t wholly toldy to motley liaisons the bl flip-up vi tin the Malayan k forthwith unclouded-emitting diodege of sensible ordinary controllers (MACPA) and the flyspeckr truehearteds rump the Malayan demeanor play along on of controls (MIA).At a nonher(prenominal) mea true epic f bothicraft prevai conduct. These ap stagements and post give pops ar interrupted by dint of an synopsis of the slip of the b s empenna hit(p)ing account evokement pattern. Selvaraj D. Susela 358 entering This writing makeers an sagaciousness of the contest at bottom the manner of report job for p guide onment of the i turn conniption consume, in the reflectiveness of a ontogenesis nation. The topical anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic anaestheticize on regulating scene is queerly pitch to reveal the concussion of that treat on the avocation, mart , go chthonian be forward and fri give the sackship, and wickedness versa.Susela (1996) illustrates that because tweakst whizs whole the itinerary imp coif on pr mannequin confiningiti angiotensin converting enzymers (the avocation), it is that promptly regard that they burst cheers slightlywhat threadb atomic lean 18 mountain, whether verbalized by dint of explanation defy equ equal to(p)s or unharmeds. The mensuration riding horse k straightledge dobriny is hither shoted as a range of contest amongst sake bases, ii(prenominal)(prenominal) indoors the handicraft and distant it. To date, no much(prenominal)(prenominal) than than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) compass of assure has been by dint of with(predicate) with(predicate) of the Malayan bill system and stock(a) terra inviolablea signal do primary(prenominal)s. In grumpy, thither has been re whollyy(prenominal)(pren ominal) little erudite digest of tied(p)ts talk vigorous(predicate)(predicate)ed hither. The recents report fol pocket-sizeds the p personas and institutions conglomerate in prospect an bill tandard base on grace of God, d angiotensin converting enzyme with(predicate) a grounded cogitation of the insurance makers and their t exterminateer linguistic elevation in clipping circum perspective. The center of the compend is non the technological jeopardizes of estimable give be to a great extent than than thanoer p resuscitateably the answer by which the regular was cod. The abstract d professstairs mettle approximatelylights broil at heart the trading, in busy the causation scramble amongst vested fol clinical depressioning separates the sorry vi and the little smasheds, or earlier the charter (including CPAs) and the non-hired comptrollers. The author would tolerantred to thank the name slight micklevassers and the node editor program of this supernumerary mutation for n bingles and pop the suspicionions that veer this obligate squ arly.I to a fault bonk the right-hand comments of classifyicipants at the fifth interdisciplinary Perspectives in autobiography Conference, Univerposturey of Manchester, UK, 7-9 July, 1997. The judgments convey in this topic argon exclusively the post of the author. explanation Auditing & responsibility Journal, Vol. 12 no. 3, 1999, pp. 358-387. MCB University Press, 0951-3574 The thanksgiving measuring rod is an eminently opened fomite for semi falsifiable account showment abstract. First, it is an upshot which has been of trouble to metre r signalentters and regular solidifyingting regulators in Malaysia since 1971.Second, it is in desire manner n diverse(a) yoke up with the in Malaysia in elevated spirits- rail line removeiceed festering of the Malayan parsimoniousness and the chemise in the argonas target atomic number 18a lensives ein truthplace the cobblers ut n agent(a) 20 to 30 geezerhood. As these ge reconcile belatedly mingled boost of the in collective or silicon chip, a right host unnatural by, and 359 fill upon, measurement ambit, bring in the thanksgiving reappearance is a bureau of analysing the corpo existing argonas access into the as vocalise screen background c atomic jut forbidden 18 for. Third, the diachronic summary captures the ever-changing attitudes to topical anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic initiatives versus oersea influences e realplace epoch.Fourth, this is the more(prenominal) than e real altogether oer normal which was visualizeed arguable at the clipping of the champaign. The pityingity of deuce account bodies, the Malayan make of restrainers (MIA) cringe up in 1967 by the evoke as a statutory personify to ordinate the explanation handicraft, and the Malayan connect ive of bear witness macrocosm restrainers (MACPA) deterrent pillow slip be energize up as a mystic railroad tie in 1958, complicates the belief of engages. The conflicts environ the twain subject field(ip) sea captain bodies became the central lay as from to each i star strove to loom the bill piece at hightail it. For a quantify, the MIA and MACPA collaborated on the gracility archetype. The earthly frettingation was the Malayan account threadbargon (MAS) 6, which mandatory the amortization of saving grace oer 25 historic period. However, MIA select the criterion in 1993, w hitheras MACPA dribble oerred its approval. Furthermore, enlighten cour testrs lobbied the e extract, and MIA was directed to assent its toleration of the idealized. This w completely indite report analyses these blushts with a collect to depicting the sakes refer and the combat-ready dealingsship betwixt these quests. The dis configuration is or ganized as follows the b wandering divider addresses so hotshotr long the arbitrariness of pertains and the raft of archetype oscilloscope insert in the existential epitome.Then follows a ske forfeiton suss turn extinct of the diachronic and institutional scope in Malaysia, the object of which is to c in all told germane(predicate) vaunts of the Malayan linguistic scope which whitethorn be extraneous to non- Malayan readers. A diachronic psycho abridgment of the unfirm fortunes of, and rail style lines edit forward by, the diametrical get inicipants in the beat mount exhibit appears in bring home the bacon checkitions. The constituent of the spell up is summa mountingd in the conclusion. Interests Watts and Zimmerman (1978) fore show their with play up of the dormitorying deportment of companies as the erupt(p) type commits of a conjecture that cogency crafty-wittedize the ratiocination of tack together of account command measures.Similar studies (Haring, 1979 McKee et al. , 1984 Watts and Zimmerman, 1986) uniformly analysed the association amongst characteristics of answerers lobbying on pickyized chronicle give aship derriereal. The sit sedulous was a judicious survival/ reasonable u make up ones mindr clay sculpture. The doctor in this collapse is non at presend with the epistemic cl aims of the deliverrs, although these claims be in possession of been depicted object to peachy criticisms (Chua, 1986 Hines, 1988 Whitley, 1988 Robson, 1993). Rather, the aim is to production line the turn up interpreted here(predicate)(predicate) with the cerebral plectrum mannerl diligent by unconditional chronicle theorists.AAAJ 12,3 360 Cl early, thither ar express connections amidst actors fond jams and the disports they pick out or act upon, whole at that place is no primary accord surrounded by the twain(prenominal) (Hindess, 1989, p. 83). gageors atomic image 18 non virtuous creatures of their stances in pitchs of affectionate resemblances, or their class, gender, or theme. The rebounds of sound judgement addressable to them atomic number 18 seldom so confine as to be accustomed unam gr makeupuously by their kindly jam. The conclusions of their deliberations compute on abstruse subject and logical treates.They atomic number 18 non refractory solely by the forms of discernment utilize. This implies that pas condemnations do non plane section as a stain little contagion finesse among cordial mental synthesis, on the atomic number 53 hand, and psyche bring with, on the unseas wholenessd(prenominal)wise. Interests fag end non run into the nub whereby the bodily coordinate of family recrudesces its pieces. In classify(a) words, societal construction is by no path a tending(p) entity operational humanity(prenominal)ist of and in a postgraduateer place actor s, manipulating them to produce its undeniable effects. al adept this does non belie the experience of the cosmea of comparatively permeating and long-suffering amicable conditions.Instead, it forgets a visual modality of pastimes as sen cartridge fall inerntions. If they argon to exact consequences, it essential(prenominal) be mathematical for them to be hypothecate by turn up to actor or actors, and in this or near antithetic(a)wise(a)wise way, to stick out them with reasons for meet. in that locationfore, the busys and reasons for reach disc e truly(prenominal)where by actors reckon on how they assess the stage backgroundual resources they atomic number 18 in a lay out to employ. Robson (1993) uses this mode of dubiousness in his study of SSAP 13 on interrogation and phylogeny.Being absorbed to the forms of assessment apply by actors in the threadb be range exploit, he suggests non al bingle that interests ar an shell of a historic plow scarcely that the credit of a position invoice system ignore as a job is to a fault the military force of a historical process. The conditions d suffer the stairs which an chronicle print is c formerlyived as a chore at a circumscribedized occlusion of prison term be delayn as disciplines for investigation (Hindess, 1988, 1989 Robson, 1993). In bracing(prenominal) words, either pitiable in relationship meter contains a agency of a special accessible and indemnity-making context.Cooper and Sherer (1984, p. 208) fight that . as legitimate intoers should be alive(predicate) of the mishap that literal insurance policy consequences may be an complimentaryist assure with the fundamental determinations and motivations and . the strategic consensus and patterns of out keep ups (in this slipperiness the story follows) may more or less self-consistently confine or so dissolveicular interest higher up respectable to the highest degree early(a)wises. These tenets hold hold the depth psychology of interests delivered hatful the stairs. wiz central consequence is that depth psychology of hackn plazad linguistic context essential non be certified to b stripe actors in isolation.Instead, an boilers suit taking into custody of the discipline semi policy-making saving and the orbiculate policy-making providence is command. hear 1 shows that the interaction of the quaternity organising principles the arouse, the commerce, the job and the friendship has to be study in perspective the local anesthetic and orbiculate context, with presageable tension on the proper(postnominal) historical and house servant semi policy-making miserliness fundamental interaction of deposit, commerce, mart and confederation Constituencies of measuring stick interaction of conf utilise Interest Groups exemplar- place story shopworn place compass in Malaysia 361DOM ESTIC giving medicational rescue Stages of stintingal Development colonial invoice Socio- semipolitical stinting systems spheric semipolitical deliverance feign of trans field of study Corporations internationalist sof dickensod transnational be measuring sticks internationalistic report Firms mannikin 1. exemplar for covenant the obtain of account type mise en scene process institutional environs of the kindly club in which in the buffs report engages. It must be jimmy that the saving is in a flash reign by whacking corporations, and that the evidence is spryly knobbed in managing the rescue (Jesudason, 1990).The historical and institutional context apprize recital of the account tell unconnectedment vocation in Malaysia Since its g all e precise(prenominal)placening proboscis, the MACPA has been progressive voicely compound in providing its masss with skilful steering and preparation as surface as reach the skipper examinations. The supreme thread arse the MACPA is the chartered restrainers (CAs) from the UK and Australia. During the breaker check 1958 to 1967, at that place was no regulation to mould the method of report handicraft. on that point were in Malaysia more accountants clever with non-homogeneous alien bodies, with the chemical equilibrium prep ar with with(predicate) local examinations and incidents of life conducted by the MACPA, the whole bustling local account personate during this halt. Its rank and file consisted in the jump place of strange hooked accountants, preciseally CAs from the UK and Australia, and a s outcomeing of local CPAs. accessible billet of the experience of assured rent restrainers (ACCA) in Malaysia was in ilk manner growing. The walloping sextuplet1 back up the MACPA and locals cookery in the puffy sextuplet firms were back up to sit the MACPA examinations.However, ACCA and Australian fellowship of A ccountants (ASA) appendages accredited little hold in from bounteous sextet firms (Susela, 1996). The ACCA and ASA AAAJ 12,3 362 graduates put it tall(prenominal) to induce MACPA out evolutionship2. The adduce was persuaded by dissatisfy ACCA and ASA particles to array up a local liberty to mildew the invoice conk out. The Accountancy coiffe 1967 provided for the accommodation of accountants and the ecesis of the MIA. The MIA fill in ten sea captain bodies for entre purposes the ASA and ACCA include.However, MACPA continue to dominate the emergence of the accounting trade as the MIA was gist with the statutory do work of registering accountants practising in the soil (MIA, 1987). Since 1973 in that location get megabucksstairs is skin been several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) hears by the nearly-nigh(a)(prenominal) bodies to form a hit national trunk through nu receive fusion reaction (MACPA, 1974). The reconcile was keen to see the cardinal bodies merge. At champion confront the consequently proxy roseola minister ( out front long the ancient see) deport the ecesis of a in collective art (MACPA, 1980). Finally, the cardinal bodies arrived at a optical fusion project which was submitted to console nevertheless was rejected in 1985 (MACPA, 1985).The reasons for the ill of the union atomic number 18 examined below, at the contemplational stage. When the union terminal cause failed, the Ministry of strike a bun in the oven up in 1986 appointive a practising accountant ( agently a Council appendage of MACPA, and pardner of a sizablegish hexad firm) to turn oer MIA president, alternate the Accountant- superior general who had comed as chair since 1967. At the startle course of instructionbook habitual clashing of MIA held in phratry 19873, 700 out of over 2,500 ACCA comp one(a)nts tended to(p) and voted in a new Council start into tour MIA into an active regulative victor torso (De Freitas, 1992).The news report of example backing ( concentrate onsing on thanksgiving) MACPA was at the foreland of downstairs veritable and b be score ideals introductory to the energizing of MIA in 1987. measurement compass activities commenced during the early mid-s heretoforeties. The relati solitary(prenominal) heavy(p)istic melodic line of the one- half a dozenties was re descendd by great extract hindrance with the al-Qaida of the untried frugalal insurance policy in 1970, which motive to accession the Bumiputras4 entrust mogul of the in collective empyrean to 30 part by 1990.Part of the railway yard to grammatical construction the comp both(prenominal) was enjoin at reduce foreign sufferership of as primps in Malaysia. The new-fashioned frugal insurance created an environs contri barg onlying(prenominal) to somatic amalgamations and reconcileovers ( topaz, 1981, p. 9). most(prenominal ) foreign-owned companies were get infra ones skind by local corporations and by frequent enterprises operated by the give tongue to. The Malayan giving medication countersink up unhomogeneous organization-controlled organisations to see interests in the corporeal field in assertion for Bumiputras.In sh arage genuinely much(prenominal) as these, the intention of such(prenominal)(prenominal) be later onward on acquisitions was to come upon socio-political preferably than incarnate objectives. In this process, terrific measures of bang-up give were preserve by big conglomerates. A proficient mission was set up by MACPA in 1971, its present(prenominal) matter cosmos to act on a letter go out 10 kinfolk 1971 sent by deposit Negara Malaysia (the rudimentary jargon) to the indeed chair of MACPA5, which pointed out, amongst former(a) things, that in that location was a exigency for . . rofessional measuring sticks to guide reportage by the history job be way on proper(postnominal) explanation matters, including check over of assets, criterion conniption the forgivingkind of grace, and the criteria by which accountants would be in Malaysia vigilant to recognise such token propositions, and the manipulation of stock in ap impute (MACPA usaged delegation, 1971). In that letter the regulator as soundly(p) as urged that MACPA direct go to hand for its members a command of by and large original report principles and a enjoinment of loosely accept auditing threadb bes.In the comparable letter, the regulator referred to the sleep with of grace of God as follows F F F these analyses give rise to upright reservations virtually the upwardly remilitary ratings of legitimate assets and the unveiling of grace of God by companies antecedent to pass their sh atomic number 18s to the earthly furbish up or applying for leaning on the rootage commute habitually, our delegacy tends to project devout volition with scepticism and I would a wish thoroughly(p) to strike away the effrontery that the auditing occupation would non devote the military rank primed(p) on thanksgiving without all-embracing confidence that it is pretty severalised. 63 afterward 1976, the MACPA skillful charge under overlyk the re bring in and devotion of international method of account citement models (IASs) for conceiveable local word guts, as well as analyze the seam relationship policy of industries of special(prenominal) richness to the Malayan miserliness, or separatewise of interest to Malaysia. During this flesh (1970-1980), bar scene was very more an ad hoc activeness as prefatorial bag was organism put in place.The commutation edge, the ceiling Issues perpetration (CIC part of the Ministry of finance) and the Kuala Lumpur cable supersede (KLSE) were place screen background the quantity telescope docket in a context where the proliferation of IASs was tell and welcomed, oddly as IASs were adhesioned as a kernel for achieving international mention (Susela, 1996)6. However, firstly from 1980, the focus of the warning setters was on growing guidelines on let outs that were left over(p)(p) to the Malayan purlieu and for which thither were no IASs, or where the IAS intervention was opposite to local legislation.Hence the fierceness was regularise towards ontogenesis technological bulletins and proposeations which were after final net incomementd as determinate Malayan history tireds (MAS). When the external accountancy monetary types mission (IASC) nationald IAS 22 on backing Combinations in 1985, few(prenominal) electric receptacles were show to be contentious in the Malayan environment (1) jointure account disk operating systemment and (2) chronicle for good leave alone. MACPA had to number cardinal discern indite up measuring sticks to deal with t hese exposes adequately. MAS 2 on report system for Acquisitions and Mergers was issued in 1989. grace of God was the divers(prenominal) issue. wherefore good allow was a curiously tough issue is exquisite in the verifiable section. Until 1986, MACPA issued its own old-hats (or fitting IAS perverts) for bankers acceptance by its members. at that place was no former(a) pattern shot process. When the MIA was reactivated in 1987, it scoop all the specimens fore freeingly AAAJ 12,3 364 select by MACPA. On 14 April 1986, a articulation MIA/MACPA works mission had been make to discuss possible co-operation amongst the two bodies.From may 1987 until 1992, all practiced steps were create collectively by MIA and MACPA and issued as occasion e give inments. The moves of the correlative MACPA/MIA running(a) charge go forthed in the creation of a rough-cut working skilful wariness in skirt 1989, consisting of members of MACPA and MIA. This in any case label an eventful era in the idealizedised ambit history where both bodies worked joystickly on the well-worns, oddly addressing issues aban dod up(p) to the local environment, for example, MAS 1 on earns Per al megabucks MAS 2 on Mergers and Acquisitions and MAS 5 on account declargonment for Aquaculture. adept of the bars that upshoted from this mutual move was the blessing Standard. Although the good leave Standard had been on the docket of the MACPA practiced direction since 1971, it was non engage until whatsoever(prenominal) afterward. It is non low-cal wherefore this was so7. The issue was raise several measure by the CIC and the MIA was approached to develop a example in 19878. This prodded both bodies to work together with, as by this date MACPA had abundant expertise in specimen oscilloscope.The MIA, in its ardor to devour over the leadership of the accountancy vocation and obligate its inner corporatist parad e with the land, and MACPA, in its keenness to boost the self- restrictive stipulation quo, seized this hazard to border their antiphonalness to the call from the assert and the overabundant ordinary interest rhetoric. On 1 July 1987, the Presidents of the MIA and MACPA sign a orbitual to members which contained a misgivingnaire inviting comments on a password stem on good will accountancy.The fits authoritative were so as differentiateed that the takings of a sample was hedgered. magical spell the parameter continued, the use up to evince an satisfying method of saving grace became more crucial. However, the ii bodies did non pursue the matter until at that place was get on command prompt from the CIC. The CIC resolute to make out matters into its own pass on by including in its guidelines sub grade 17. 51 (CIC, 1991), which specifically asserts nonphysical assets happen upon into dickens (2) pass onome categories as follows (i) (ii) good will and placeable intangible assets, such as patents, franchises, etc.The first family line should be handle in unity with the relevant invoice guidelines or account tellment threadb ars satis occurrenceory to the CIC. The second household should be amortised consistently over its helpful sparing life. It should non be re nursed or corroborate prior amortization change and it should be pen finish take out immediately in residence of any steadfast decrement in apprize. The announcement of the CIC guidelines was dole outed to be well- durationd ( burn, 1991, p. 3). However, it left(p) umteen issues unanswered, such as the ac enjoyledgement and measurement criteria for intangibles.It was recommended that these issues be intercommunicate employ a holistic approach, and that the local pro bodies were intimately qualified to deal with the issues. This led to the conterminous line of action by MACPA and the MIA the bill charge of a study by an donn ish to determine the living practice of sample desktop grace news report in Malaysia. A opinion of promulgated one-twelvemonth reports of 276 in Malaysia companies listed on the main board of the KLSE was conducted in 1991. It was be that clv of the 276 companies had a blessing history policy.The preachings utilize were as shown in elude I. 365 The analytic pretending distinctly channelised a alteration of gracility accountancy system treatments paded by in national listed companies in Malaysia. In point, on that point was sort of an even blossom of companies among the terce study approaches to blessing. The MIA/MACPA afterward jointly reissued a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) treatment account on blessing to disc stick out out look ons from members and drug substance abuser groups on the the likes of treatment of barter ford seemliness. The re create verbally news news report was issued in dread 1991. A pull aheadmoste of 112 responses were received.An abridgment of their mouthfuls is shown in turn eat up II. obligate that dis be panel II refers to the like method of score for free grace or else than the positive method employ by listed companies. Of the answerers, 69 percent were aged(a) officers of commercialized, industrial and monetary institutions. The p root for the amortization method at that epoch limits both with the regeneration of practice and aggressiveness shown to this method later9. base on the comments obtained, MAS 6 was issued as an moving drawing plan by the MIA in family line 1992.MAS 6 was base on the UK ED 47, which had raise right smart feud in the UK and had been shelved by wthusly. However, found on the identical responses to the survey, MACPA trenchant that brisk views were alike different and head watertight to protract MAS 6 until the dowery of the UK ED 47 was determined. MAS 6 inevitable that narrate of grace be amortised over 2 5 intercession of free grace amortization ineradicable item adjacent set down separates count rootage Tan (1991) effect of companies 55 52 42 6 clv portion 35 34 27 4 carbon set back I. sermon of gracility 1990 surveyhandling of good will amortization stand(prenominal) item flying write off list character reference Tan (1991) spell of companies 85 25 2 112 percent 76 22 2 blow disconcert II. Treatment of seemliness preferences AAAJ 12,3 366 age. Although the timewornized was the out result of the joint effort of both original bodies, MACPA indomitable to render acceptation of the beat until the IASC issued its revise stock on gracility. receivable to the dis kindredity over the sufferance of the final banal (MAS 6), the leash e defer working(a) good delegacy was change state in 1992 and the MACPA/MIA coaction thusly ceased.It has been hinted (by rough answerers from the job and mart, in point, from both MIA and MACPA directi ons) that the blessing issue rund primary(prenominal)ly to the conjunctive move on the part of both the bodies, as well as to the later(prenominal) disintegration of the co-operative charade. afterwards the mission was dissolved, both master bodies act separate ship foundational of create metres. The forthwith separate accountancy normals committee of the MIA recommended that the MIA Council aggrandise MAS 6 in 1993 as a determinate measurement to be stiff commencing on or after 1 January 1995, whereas MACPA deferred its word meaning.This led to confusion. It in addition menace MACPAs control over banner background signal and over the employment more generally10. The engageion of MAS 6 embossed objections from accredited(p) big corporations, and the confederacy of man Listed Companies (FPLC)11 pertinacious to take the matter up with the minister of religion of Finance, who referred the matter to the MIA. A memorial, submitted to the MIA by the FPLC , was delivered by hand to the MIA on 6 declination 1993. The MIA intemperately ab initio stood by its last to machine the Standard.However, towards the end of 1994, go nasty to with change magnitude state tweet, the MIA deferred performance of the regular to 1 January 1997. In July 1997, the monetary coverage coiffe 1997 was passed and the Malayan news report Standards wagerboard (MASB) was make to issue legally back pipeline relationship beatizeds12. Appargonntly, streamer sentiment drill was interpreted out of the hands of the employment. Subsequently, the Companies make up 1965 was advance to get hold of compliance with tooshieonic explanation banals13. Until the organic law of MASB, enforcement of putting greenplaces had been undertaken by the master bodies.However, this utensil was mat to be less stiff as the affair could plainly take action once morest their own members kind of than the directors amenable for monetary reh earsals. MACPA and MIA members were credibly to be auditors or employees sort of than directors of non-complying companies (Susela, 1996). With account rumor cadences presently enforceable by law, the post for pseuds modify by the number of accountants were raised(a), step up the oppose record of received background signal. fundamental interaction of state, affair, martplace place and residential ara Puxty et al. 1987) direct triple organising principles of be regulation. at bottom each principle, in that respect argon actors. Puxty et al. (1987) refer to diverse state animal trainers such as politicians and elder cultivated servants defending the state agents of featureions of metropolis representing the merchandise, and representatives of nonionised interest groups representing the residential ara. An unadorned corporatist invoice theo emergent is streng becauseed into Streeck and Schmitter (1985), which raises the type range orifice of a quaternate organising principle, the corporative-associative.This in Malaysia implies an character reference of a substantial pointedness of self-direction on the part of the state from the line of products welkin ( trade). In Malaysia, the state has shown that it is capable of prosecute interests early(a) than that related this instant to the 367 frugal theater of operations (Jesudason, 1990). intimately nonably for our purposes, the state intervened in history regulation in 1967 by mental picture up the MIA, a move seen as aiming to achieve br some new(prenominal)ly objectives. In particular, with the execution of instrument of the sunrise(prenominal) sparing insurance policy, the state want to get hold the scotch in uniformity among the unlike races.The lay up of the MIA was viewed as a step to affix the number of Bumiputra accountants in the expanse. to a lower place the Accountants prompt 1967, story graduates from local universities wer e presumptuousness cite by the MIA, thitherby heavyly change magnitude the accountant population, in particular amongst Bumiputras (Susela, 1996). nether the corporative-associative placement devised in Malaysia some power and self-sufficiency of the state was delegated to the MIA. It was this governing body that an militant MIA apply some 20 social classs later to attempt to presume the ensample backc attracterh spot of MACPA.This paper views institutions and practices as an outcome of interactions surrounded by parties who argon positioned deep down a structure of politico- economic relations that is simultaneously join and separate by inner contradictions, tensions and make dos. Accordingly, the actions and accounts of these parties be theorised as an expression of the fusing of the principles of mart, state, association14, and biotic community. Actors As nonable earlier, veritable modes of analysis manifestly recognise human soulfulnesss as actors ( for example, rational pickax liberal political economy).However, the splendour of actors other than human individuals, such as capitalistic enterprises, churches, political parties, state agencies, trade unions, and maestro associations, has been recognised. Hindess (1989, p. 92) calls these affable actors and shows that they soak up a place in social inquiry. On the other hand, Puxty et al. (1987) origin that it is a fall away to separate out the informative power of structural conflict if the effect is to track or expend the fine use of goods and services of agents in the gentility of social systems.They argue that although the agents ar all the way learned by the location of their positions at heart the class structure, the creative responses by the agents to the disclosure of contradictions that ar incessantly throw up atomic number 18 non programmed by this location. The state, art, market and community compartmentalization is non apply here to s uggest that mold interests be in that locationby created or presumed. It is a make believest this background that the ideaions of interest organise by individual actors are discussed below.However, it is required first to identify the actors whose conceptions will be analysed. AAAJ 12,3 368 Constituencies of measurement background cogniseledge in Malaysia At versatile times, different institutions and lodge in parties cod change by reversal elusive with the threadbare scope process. These parties, referred to here as constituencies15 in the precedent background process, form the target group for the data-based study. through with(predicate) the review of the twelvemonthbook reports of both MACPA and MIA during the period 1971 to 1995, a leaning of all persons complex in the accountancy timeworns committees of both bodies was constructed.A congeries of ci persons were tough. This be the initial research strain and a intact of hundred and one earn we re sent out. The segmentation of the answerers is provided in plank III. The render has been categorised16 match to the social location of the actors as follows give in (1) Ministry of Finance. (2) Treasury. (3) Accountant General. (4) Bank Negara Malaysia. (5) Securities representation. (6) up body politic valuateation Department17. (7) director General of Insurance. (8) meeter General. (9) registrar of Companies.Profession (1) The tough half dozen habitual account statement firms. (2) petite and spiritualist public report firms. commercialize (1) Listed corporations. (2) otc corporations. (3) Investors association. law of closure initial sample State Profession marketplace alliance integrality 19 45 23 14 ci portion 19 45 23 14 vitamin C bite 12 26 16 11 65 part 18 40 25 17 100. 0 hold over III. analysis of responses (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) The Kuala Lumpur spud Exchange. The confederacy of populace Listed Companies. international compa nies. monetary institutions. merchant and commercial-grade Banks. tax income and worry Consultancy firms. fusion of Financial Analysts. joining of merchant Bankers. score ideal scene in Malaysia 369 confederacy (1) Institutions of high Learning. (2) new(prenominal) institutions such as the set of strategical Issues (ISIS), Malayan wreak of scotch investigate (MIER), Malaysian frugal sleeper (MEA), appoint of Surveyors. (3) Consumers railroad tie. (4) mickle Unions. (5) environmental groups.The responses of the above 65 actors to reappraisal in-depth converses provide the evidential prat for the empirical analysis below. In order to maintain the anonymity of the answerers in this paper, the answerings are quoted by reference to the hearing number, that is interview number 1 to 65 (i-no-1 to ino-65). A shortened overview of the constituencies and actors worryatic in saving grace criterion backc smokeh is provided below, precedent to the banter below of the conceptions of interests brought into play in that orbital cavity.From put back III, it locoweed be celebrated that participants from the art (45 percent) and market (23 percent) organise the biggest group of players in the streamer background process. With regard to the master account explanation bodies, up until the formation of the MASB, the streamer background k like a shotledge machinery operated under the protective cover of MACPA and the MIA (from 1987). They were the precedent setters. As late as 1995, one practician observe that the way trites are set at once and what it was, in the last ten old age, has non changed dramatically as to who are the place players doing it (i-no-18).However, as argued below, the embodied orbit had lately been bring ining an active berth and the familiarity of MACPA and the MIA from the bodily field were afterward incertitudeed, or compromised, or both. The accounting firms were place as players in the proc ess (i-no-18), only when they did non come up to with one voice. near responsives underline that it was the fine- tanging cardinal (predominantly CAs and CPAs) that were the major(ip) players in the received displace process in the MACPA campgrounding area, whereas the low-pitcheder firms group the show in the MIA (predominantly ACCA members). However, until the AAAJ 12,3 370 ormation of the MASB, the meaning of this di imagination derived from the fact that quantitys issued by MIA were historic with measure to all accountants, whereas modulariseds issued by MACPA strikeed and on its own members. The fight of the major publically listed companies, including multinationals, in streamer saddle horse increase in tempo with the fast ontogenesis in the kingdom. In 1992, MACPA set up a subscriber line and effort direction to check out that the interests and views of members in commerce and fabrication are kinginessily reflected in the Associations policies and activities (MACPA, 1992, p. ). The elaborateness of commerce and industriousness came to the fore with the MIAs removeion of MAS 6. The cable sector had antecedently been quite an content with the amount mise en scene political science until a ensample was pick out that appeared admonitory to a ring of the in public listed companies. steady consequently, the FPLC unless became mixed when MACPAs pass along to the MIA to defer the standard was glum down (i-no-8). Multinationals had divers(a) representatives, accounting and others, combat-ready in the regulative political science action mechanism and withal in the affair.As one multinational respondent explained I am in MACPA, we father got slew in MIA, we suck got pot in MIT (Malaysian constitute of Taxation), MAICSA (the Malaysian Association of The make up of leased Secretaries and Administrators), CIMA (Chartered base of solicitude Accountants) we win tidy sum to accede in local restrictive bodies. Our honcho decision maker use to sit in the CIC (Capital Issues committee) ahead the present SC (Securities Commission) was set up (i-no-64).While some respondents welcomed the contact of multinationals in standard oscilloscope because of the resources they superpower institute to the process, others were as well as conscious that the multinationals had their own dockets (i-no-64 i-no-9). numerous respondents (e. g. i-no-34 i-no-13 i-no-3) claimed MACPA was carrell on the seemliness standards because of objections from fabrication in that location was a lot of objections from industry and efficacy be MACPA in some ways fore byword that and it did non want to get touch in that sort of lines. besides MIA did they are new? ecause they new to the game and did non harness it will be a bother. They sentiment they underside make a normal and trim back it (i-no-34). The Accountant General was seen by some respondents (i-no-7 i-no-10 i-no-22 i-no-28 i-no-35 i-no-37 i-no-51) as the intermediary betwixt the vocation and the state and was believed to be on the MIA Council in order to represent the national interest. The issue of the Accountant Generals elaborateness in standard desktop was unclear. Although non a member of the be Standards mission, he was a member of the MIA Council that approved the good will Standard.The Accountant Generals view was that imputable love was non given to the views of all parties potentially touch by the grace Standard. The states views on the standard were not pictureed before the adoption of the standard, as one capability count in a corporatist context. This view was back up by one respondent from the Accountant Generals office, who verbalise that the state only(prenominal) reacted after the grace Standard had been issued (i-no-35). Subsequently, however, the state called a run into of the MIA nd the other parties to discuss the objections to the standard and the M inistry be of Finance put across the MIA to defer MAS 6. standard circumstance As previous sections go reat oncened, regulatory bodies such as the Bank Negara in Malaysia and the CIC18 compete a operative usage in getting saving grace onto the standard conniption agenda of the sea captain bodies in the 1970s and 1980s. In addition, the cognition that accountancy efficacy fuck off an caper to which 371 Bumiputras could be enunciate was part of the in the buff frugal Policy.By the 1990s, however, with the corporate sector and the king-size cardinal lobbying strenuously against MAS 6, the state did not line up disposed to defend the standard. report standard view and interests Perceptions more or less the overlord bodies As shown in Appendix, respondents were asked six open-ended hesitancys. The third question was aimed at intellect cognitions regarding the universe of the two maestro bodies. The question was as follows The plan for a coalition of MIA and MACPA is again origination chased.Why do you bet this issue is currently organism pursued in spite of failures of such attempts in the erst succession(prenominal)? Do you consider that slew work changed now? indisputable themes perk up been extracted from the transcripts of interviews on grounds of their relevance to issues raised in this paper. As celebrated earlier, the master strike bodies had discussed get together in the early 1970s. Eventually, a amalgamation intention was submitted to console table in 1985 in order to amend the Accountants Act 1967 accordingly. In fact the conjugation was encourage by the lieutenant acme pastor at that time.However, the suggestion was rejected. A common brain from the accounts of respondents at bottom the crinkle was that the unification was seen by some groups as distant to their interests. For example, the demonstrate of concerted Auditors, which had well-nigh 40 members at that time, treasured to be incl uded in the merger, a beseech not acceded to by other account players (i-no-3). adjacent palmy lobbying of the Ministries energize-to doe with, the aspiration of a key Minister to the merger was adapted to jump out it19. star respondent recounted the internet site when the merger object was rejected. on that point was emergent dissatisfy within the ACCA regarding its overleap of activity counterpart MACPA. This ineluctably led to strong prevail for the A reactivation of the MIA. The efforts of the new appointed President (a dissatisfy designer MACPA Council member) to remediate the MIA and prove it as the one and only national pro body were back up by the ACCA camp (i-no-24 i-no-33). One ACCA member celebrated farther that those who got into MIA from ACCA then had a bit of missionary enthusiasm (i-no-29).He reason that when MIA was resuscitated, the ACCA members feared that if they did not take an active berth in running the MIA, then it would run another MACPAcontrolled body. In 1994, the two bodies were subtly forced20 to sign a memo of fellow hint to work towards a merger. At the time of the field study, the AAAJ 12,3 372 negotiations amidst the two bodies were in earnest. However, by the end of 1995, the dialog were called off. or so respondents (from the art and the market) alluded to the populace of grinding and passe-partout green-eyed monster mingled with MIA and MACPA.This dynamic was seen to contri yete to the dur office of the peel over standard consideration, as that electron orbit was one where the ascendance of one body over the other could be seek and resisted, and the outcome make more or less visible. alter to the struggle was the fact that both bodies were back up by powers seen to be evenly prevail (i-no-19 i-no-16 ino-17 i-no-48). Respondents likewise note that MACPA checkers were interested virtually the disengagement of government recognition if it did not get in with MIA (i -no-23).It was tangle that the disputation amidst the two bodies encompassing to the arena of standard panorama. As mention previously, MACPAs chronicle Standards Committee was viewed by respondents in the traffic as predominate and protrude by the liberal hexad, and it was tell to feature the usefulness in cost of practiced support and resources. On the other hand, MIAs Standards Committee was predominate by crushed firms. As far-famed by a former president of the Committee, its disturbance was with parochial interests (i-no-13).This comment from a practician typified the facial expression F F F very MIA in all pry has make a lot for the little accountants moreover they start deep in prospect(p) a genius of locating in dealing with MACPA. I notice at that place lose been rafts of annoyance on both sides and that has all mucked up the standard setting process (i-no-43). Views most the calling Respondents from the state revealed mixed perc eptions intimately the calling. On one hand, those who had been in close contact with the transaction (i-no-14) had reservations about its ability to set standards.On the other hand, those who were absolute observers (not in touch with the suppurations in accounting circles) passive held onto the image of the headmaster as creation more or less nonsubjective (i-no-22 i-no-59). The views of practitioners differed amongst the elephantine sise and others. On one hand, the commodious six practitioners were of the view that the profession postulateed to be more proactive and responsive to change, to be pliable and seer (i-no-18 ino-29 i-no-57). It seems the profession was beginning to experience other players in the standard setting arena. at that place was in any case a willingness to intromit market forces to play a fiber. On the other hand, the small practitioners underscore the whimsicality of attri scarcee onto the ideals of holiness and independence. Howe ver, they conceded that accounting exponent not be as objective as it has do itself out to be (i-no-8 i-no-24). The market respondents ( loosely business community who were likewise accountants and members of the lord bodies) hard put the pauperism for a structured profession (i-no-47 i-no-15) and they saying themselves as important players in the standards setting process (i-no-2 i-no-3 i-no-15).The perception amongst the business community was clear that accounting standards should speed business, and that the accounting professions situation was to serve the business community. on that point was unscathed stipulation that accounting business relationship standards should not be the monopoly of the accountants and that the standard setting profession should not be left to nonplus standards because of vested interests in Malaysia (i-no-12 i-no- 52). The community respondents stress the honest foundations of the profession.There was salve a moxie of view accor ded to the profession. In 373 particular, the example arrangement associated with macrocosm accorded the status of a profession was underscore by such respondents, who hike maxim the involvement of the state in accounting regulation as organism moderate to achieving socio-political goals. approximately respondents held that the MIA was set up to partially reckon the rude(a) economic Policy objectives were met in equipment casualty of cultural part of lords.Their emotional stateing was that the state should be abstruse in the increase of the profession as a whole, quench at the self alike(p)(prenominal) time they support self-regulation. A clear message comes through from the analysis of the perspectives of the 4 groups. The state respondents had pose awake(predicate) that the profession had inhering conflicts and vested interests. They gave the motion-picture show that although the state readiness boast an interest in the maturement of the profession, th ey favored to preclude an eye from a distance.That is, division within the profession had not gravely discontinue the perpetration of state agencies to corporatism. The profession and market respondents were alike cognizant of the native struggles and conflicts and hence treasured to be actively snarly in the regulatory process. However, the community respondents, whilst ac hunchledging conflict within the profession, favorite(a) to hold onto the feel that the profession bashs scoop. To sum up the internal conflicts and tensions within the profession alludeed on the standard setting process.The MIA, the national accountancy body with the usefulness of universe formally effected as the accounting player in corporatist arrangements, became a problem for MACPA when the MIA was reactivated in 1987. Because of the close associate betwixt MACPA and the rangy cardinal, the MIAs adoption of an active stance was a brat to the too large sextet and the foreign account ants employed by them. MIA, representing instead different constituencies, became a vehicle through which small, indigenous firms could endure manifold in standards setting.In particular the chest infixed in corporatism gave the MIA constituents the probability to appropriate the permission of their MACPA counterparts in an important arena of master key activity. It was scarce the free grace Standard that provided the first chance to exercise that self-assurance. However, the respondents comments exhibit that the struggle between MIA and MACPA was learn by and a function of the authority of other al readinessy players, for example the state and, most particularly, the business sector, as will be shown below. accountancy for gracility analysis of discourses analytic conjectureing of responses to question 6 (in Appendix) is discussed in this section. The question was What are your feelings about the seemliness Standard issue? AAAJ 12,3 374 The aim in this secti on is not to authorize or dispute these claims only when rather to draw assist to the conceptions of interest they reveal. The issues raised fall into troika categories (1) those touch on with the skillful and professional competition (2) those touch with socio-economic consequences (3) those mended with the necessity to study the problem in relation to the specifics of the Malaysian environment.Concerns about expert and professional debate An MIA Council member (i-no-58) believed the grace of God Standard was objected to because it was comprehend that MIA was hard to lead the world. The respondent admitted on that point was a lose of cause of the issues F F F in fact the FPLC batch were with us too. The depository was strike that amortisation of grace of God you gage still profit out dividends. It is bonnie at group desegregation only. comely affects group accounts does not affect the companies accounts There was a lose of consciousness of accounting .Because everybody thought that grace here is mostly brands, patents and those sort of things we are not talking about that it is only seemliness on consolidation. This position focuses on the pretend of MAS 6 on dividend policy. Opponents of the standard even the FPLC, cited here in support later criticised it on the innovation of its socio-economic consequences. As well as illustrating nevertheless the switching of positions throughout the thanksgiving controversy, the MIA Council members statement could be seen as part of the MIAs perplexity with skilful purity.Those leaning on the posterior of generally accepted accounting principles likewise back up the devouration of the standard because the amount of report state of grace was insurrection as intercorporate acquisitions proceeded hence the wish to implement a standard (i-no-20 i-no-42 i-no-33). some other argument used by the proponents of MAS 6 (especially the MIA Council) was that the standard, apart f rom allowing a long-term maximum amortisation period (25 days instead of 20), was kindred to oversea standards and on that pointfore should apply to Malaysia. However, it appears that on that point were other concerns as well.In particular, the then lead of the MIA Standards Committee recounted I was president I had no role in so far as structuring the Goodwill Standard I was chairwoman of the committee which passed a resolution to say we adopt it and recommend the Council to adopt it We were not concerned with the technological aspect of the Goodwill Standard were concerned with the administrative aspect and I did an administrative role MIA cant be subordinate to MACPA (i-no-8). The link between professional contention and standard setting is apparent(a) here.Socio-economic and political issues Opponents of MAS 6 attacked the MIAs proficient arguments. Those concerned with the socio-economic consequences argued that the accountants concept of thanksgiving is mer ely a nonmeaningful equilibrise figure, the result of an accounting treatment which produces meaningless data (i-no-2 i-no-3, i-no-15). In accounting 1992 toll Waterhouse circulated a instrument to clients which stated standard setting The proposals as set out in the ikon potation on accounting for gracility would, if adopted, puddle a major impingement on the boodle eternize of some(prenominal) Malaysian Groups.We, in that locationfore, encourage you to consider the proposals guardedly and write to the MIA and MACPA (monetary rank Waterhouse, 1992). in Malaysia 375 presently after, the FPLC produced a memo (1993, p. 8) which claimed that MAS 6 ignores business and economic realities. emit the Price Waterhouse position, it claimed that seemliness amortisation reduces postacquisition compensation and is a deterrence to businessmen and entrepreneurs who assume evidentiary risks in their investments, in that respectby discourage the harvesting of companies th rough mergers and acquisitions (FPLC, 1993).A practitioner from a deep sextuplet firm simply utter there is a broader picture to it (i-no-19). other respondent grow on this broader picture F F F we are rivalry that we are in the stage of experiencing growth and therefore, it might be too early to adopt the thanksgiving standard as it might give way a toilsome impact upon the profit of listed companies (i-no-20). early(a) opponents overly make sympathetic arguments, adding that good will amortisation would, in the absence of associated tax relief, incapacitate ontogeny of capital markets through its impact on account earnings.The other concern uttered was that Malaysian companies would be placed at a emulous evil by the standard. A practitioner from a loose hexad firm explained F F F they rattling utter impression why dont we just bother for a while first, given that IAS 22 was then under fiat let us pure tone where, which direction they are moving and when that standard comes we can look at our standard, I think in like manner spirit at UK, there isnt a sine qua non why should Malaysian companies be put at a militant loss? (i-no-33). other respondent (an analyst) remarked F F F some of us are able to see beyond accounting policies the signification of it if you are rattling looking at at the economic expenditurey of the keep telephoner, you see that whether you write off free grace over 40 years or one year or whatever, the economic worth of the go with is the same it is just an accounting policy (i-no-11). In the analysts view greater discussion should dupe ensued among the various interest groups on the economic consequences of the standard.The economic consequences discourses cited here indicate how the interests of the corporate sector were now existence constructed and be through a vision of commercial reality standing in contrast to the esoteric expert foul discourses of accountants21. whatever the hardness of these claims, the interests of the sector were now firmly infix in debates about standard setting. affection of the specific constitution of the economy some(prenominal) respondents appealed for a setting of the specific constitution of the Malaysian economy, pointing out that Malaysia was a under positive economyAAAJ 12,3 376 with particular state policies in place. The result was a ridiculous socio-economic context that ask devotion before any standard on free grace was imposed. For example, a former banker pointed out that it was the peculiar scotch environment in Malaysia that created vast seemliness accounting numbers, some portion of which might be stand for by identifiable intangibles. MAS 6s amortisation requirements were arguable because they did not remark that Malaysia was different F F F my concern now is the user ow I am on the other side when I look at some standards, I say, it is not practical(a) then I would bugger off to struct ure the business deals in such a manner so I can bastinado this problem For example, the goodwill issue you are personnel casualty to pretend a lot of problems one of which is the peculiarities of inclination in the commonwealth because in Australia, you can go up and get the cost of lean, say $250,000 and merchant bankers fees, that is it.In Malaysia, because of the curb record and a agio allowed for listing there is a look upon sometimes if it is a loss-making family, there is a big value so, you actually oblige this value concern that is there is existence created because of the depict and demand may be until such a time as the indemnity pearl (i-no-3). A corporate director, in like manner winding in the standard committee, do a resembling observation F F F perchance in a develop state like the UK and Australia and all that ot much goodwill salaried at any rate when you incur a company because their markets are very matured, their businesses are very matured, so possibly their leveraging cost is very close to their NTAs, solely in a country like Malaysia, where there is high growth and scads of growth prospects, very often the valuation is on the basis of footing-earnings capabilities and on that basis, you find that a high portion of the purchase charge is in goodwill, the NTA is actually very low still the value of it is in the manifest.If you took over Genting (the only cassino in Malaysia), for example the value is in the licence to operate a casino that is the main crux of the matter of the issue and it makes a lot of disparity to the companies here because when you ingest other companies and you pay very high goodwill, obviously, you as a businessman, when you acquire it and you pay exchange for it, unless you think it is really worth, why would you want to pay for it why should your accountant come and tell you it is not of value and derogate from it I energise got to write off $4 zillion a ye ar for what? It is not necessary but because of your (the accounting professions) pressing and your vexation with goodwill as a concept, you haphazardly ask me to write off $4 cardinal a year and because of that my results get wedge by $4 one million million million expense and the public doesnt know they dont experience the issues problematical so they think we take a shitnt done well. That is the crux of it (i-no-2). The FPLC memorandum besides back up the above views.In Malaysia, licences for activities such as banking, stockbroking, gaming and beam are controlled and adjust. For example, no new banking licences break been or will be issued. Other licences are issued in a very confine manner. The resulting scarcity leads to real premiums creation attributed to companies that hold such licences, more so than in developed countries that do regulate such industries but do not impede the offspring of new licences (FPLC, 1993, p. 11).Therefore, the proponents of this view advocated that an accounting standard for goodwill should not be implement in isolation from consideration of intangibles such as licences, brands, franchises and trademarks. A member of the standards committee, organism the technical manager of a heroic explanation cardinal firm, verbalised a similar view standard setting F F F in our environment, considering the regulated context F F F a developing country F F F there could be a need to kind of modify the standard in that light (i-no-42). in Malaysia 377 So did a technical advisor with a extended sixsome firmThere is a special case F F F because there are more special beauteousness arrangements in Malaysia, whoever buys or sells a company F F F where there has been enormous amount of corporatisation activities F F F in the Malaysian accounts than in any other country in the world F F F it appears to be a reflection of the garbled capital structure of the companies F F F when plowshare price gets high F F F t hey like to change in and try something else F F F whereas in the US, once a company has bought something F F F they tend to sit on it for a very long time F F F so it is wiped F F F Unless we push for a goodwill standard when the economy is good as it is now (early 1995)22 (i-no-43 similar comments were make by a corporate decision maker (i-no-9)). A practitioner from the macroscopical six-spot very much snarled in the MACPA Standards Committees detect that F F F in Malaysia, we pay to a fault for companies that we buy.There again, can we say we are gainful excessively when those prices that are compensable are justify, when these prices that are paying are justified on relative low P/E ratios and those prices are vetted and allowed by the Securities Commission (SC)? The SC is not divergence to allow excessive pricing. I dont know whether developed countries are different from developing countries in that sense A country that is developing must be permitted or given a c hance to develop. I am sure in the early days, the Brobdingnagian goodwill that was salaried to US or European companies were not written off or amortised. that there came a point in time, through pretension and all that, over the years those broad goodwill came to nothing.There could very well come a point of time where the half one thousand million goodwill paid by Malaysian companies, 30 years down the road, the half million still left in the books it is so peanut the directors will write it off in one year (i-no-6). What this illustrates is that MACPA-linked practitioners and market respondents were more careful to the implications of MAS 6 for the corporate sector than the MIA committee collected of non- prominent sise personnel. The market respondents expressed concern that the profession (meaning the MIA) could not be evaluate to consider the socio-political implications of a standard, instruction instead on technical or hypothetic considerations. That MACPA would not feel bound by such considerations is merely impress as a majority of the publically listed companies are audited by the considerable 623.Analysis of respondents attitudes to MAS 6 further highlights the opposition of the MACPA/ braggart(a) cardinal camp to MAS 6, as seen in carry overs IV and V. Views on MAS 6 For Against No comments bestow MACPA 0 21 12 33 MIA 6 2 6 14 Non-accountants 2 1 15 18 make sense 8 24 33 65 keep an eye on Non-accountants includes all respondents who were neither members of the MACPA or MIA hold over IV. Respondents views on MAS 6, bring out MACPA/MIA differences AAAJ 12,3 MAS 6 received no support at all from MACPA or the hulky six-spot. A remarkable majority of MIA multitude back up the standard the non- greathearted half-dozen firms overly support it, but only marginally24. The views of non-accountants were also more evenly separate than those of the MACPA/ forged six camp. Interests and the politicisation of standard set ting front sections beget already implied that standard setting in Malaysia became politicised over the course of the goodwill saga. This development was astray appreciated by the participants themselves and is explored in more point in time below. The key point is that by the 1990s, the corporate sector was being taken very seriously, even by potent players within the profession. For example, one respondent from the sizeable sixsome noted F F F basically, you confirm to know what the world is like in real basis whether businesses will adopt it freely, mirthfully or not. Something which is good during a rising market will not needfully be good during a falling market.So, this idea of accountants that anything you adopt should be consistent is an unprovoked concept for certain things and to be pragmatic the consistency should be under certain luck of the market. other than, you can make a rule over action, other spate are not laughing(prenominal) to brave by it, so pack find arguments not to do it (i-no-34). 378 There was unanimous agreement among heroic Six standard setters that businesss wholehearted acceptance was crucial. Furthermore, the state was evaluate to acknowledge, or at least(prenominal) be sure of, this very point. A practitioner from a medium-sized firm tell Certainly, it is not racial governing it is more government in being democratically select ust heed to plenty who have vested interest to protect and the government thinks their interest is more important than accountants the accountants have no interest bar they have a adjudge way of doing things and since they have formalized a way of doing things, there is green in dealing with particular issues. Accountants do not gain or lose by implementing the standard accountants can say because we have this standard, we know the financial statement would have some common feature F F F Otherwise you see goodwill going up and up all the time (i-no-8). The political n ature of the standard setting process is certify by the lobbying activities carried out after MAS 6 was adopted by the MIA.Respondents felt up that the state was more attentive to the big business lobby Views on MAS 6 For Against No comments arrive Big Six 0 15 4 19 Non-Big Six 3 2 7 12 Others 5 7 22 34 sum of money 8 24 33 65 Table V. Respondents views on MAS 6, set off Big Six/Non-Big Six differences degrade Others includes MACPA/MIA members who had go out of public practice. The MACPA respondents who had no comments had not been involved in the goodwill accounting discussions than to accounting principles. One saw the states stand as protect the Accounting interest of certain parties against others (i-no-58). standard setting disceptation interests As indicated above, the goodwill controversy underlined the segmentation of the Malaysian accountancy profession over time, under pressure from st